今天是亞歷山大˙馮˙洪保(Alexander von Humboldt, 1769-1859)250周年冥誕,他是德國最著名的博物學家之一。亞歷山大˙馮˙洪保德是現代地理學創始人之一。他也是當時代一位涉獵許多領域的通才型學者,如生物學、地質學與化學,他也是這些學科裡具有領先地位的科學家之一。與其不同的是,其兄長威廉˙馮˙洪保(Wilhelm von Humboldt)是位語言學家,並且之後還擔任普魯士王國的部長。今日柏林的洪堡大學就是沿用這對兄弟的名字。他們的人像就佇立在該大學的大門口。
洪堡的父親亞歷山大·格奧爾格·馮·洪堡(Alexander Georg von Humboldt)在軍中做到了團副,經歷過奧地利爵位繼承戰爭及歐洲大陸七年戰爭。此後,他擔任女王儲財務主管。兩年後,46歲的他娶25歲寡婦科倫布(Marie-Elisabeth Colomb)為妻。
瑪麗-伊麗莎白·馮·洪堡
父親雖長於社交,作為團副在戰爭中經濟受益,但真正給家庭帶來財富的卻是瑪麗-伊麗莎白。她帶來幾項投資、柏林市內一個大住宅、一處鄉間房產、位於泰格爾(Tegel)的一座別墅。她還帶來兒子海因里希(Heinrich),那是她和首任丈夫、男爵馮·霍爾維德(Friedrich Ernst von Holwede)所生。
Carl Friedrich Gauss; Alexander von Humboldt;丈量世界 ... 洪堡(Alexander von Humboldt, 1768-1859),他不但親赴原始森林、大草原,還深入奧利諾科河,以身試毒,計算土著身上的頭蝨,還探勘洞穴,攀登 .... Some Blogs of Hanching Chung.
"Nature can be so soothing to the tormented mind, a blue sky, the glittering surface of lake water, the green foliage of trees may be your solace. In such company it is even possible to forget the reality of one's personal existence. It lends wings to our feelings and thoughts." --Alexander von Humboldt
A new hardcover selection of the best writings of the visionary German naturalist whose ideas changed the way we see the natural world. Selected and introduced by Andrea Wulf. Alexander von Humboldt (1769–1859) was an intrepid explorer and the most famous scientist of his age. His life was packed with adventure and discovery, whether he was climbing volcanoes in the Andes, racing through anthrax-infected Siberia, or publishing groundbreaking bestsellers. Ahead of his time, he recognized nature as an interdependent whole and he saw before anyone else that humankind was on a path to destroy it. His visits to the Americas led him to argue that the indigenous peoples possessed ancient cultures with sophisticated languages, architecture, and art, and his expedition to Cuba prompted him to denounce slavery as “the greatest evil ever to have afflicted humanity.” To Humboldt, the melody of his prose was as important as its empirical content, and this selection from his most famous works—including Cosmos, Views of Nature, and Views of the Cordilleras and Monuments of the Indigenous Peoples of the Americas, among others—allows us the pleasure of reading his own accounts of his daring explorations. Humboldt’s writings profoundly influenced naturalists and poets including Darwin, Thoreau, Muir, Goethe, Wordsworth, and Whitman. The Selected Writings is not only a tribute to Humboldt’s important role in environmental history and science, but also to his ability to fashion powerfully poetic narratives out of scientific observations. READ an excerpt here: https://www.penguinrandomhouse.com/…/selected-writings-by-…/
1662年,有人未經他的准許、校改而出版了《回憶錄》(Memoires),書中的敏感內容惹怒了不少人。1665年出版《箴言集》(Réflexions ou sentences et maximes morales,簡稱Maximes),以犀利的筆調無情地諷刺了人類的愚蠢;其內容質疑人類一切高貴行為背後的動機,開卷第一條即說:「男因勇氣而神勇,女因節操而守節,此未必然也。」(... et ce n'est pas toujours par valeur que les hommes sont vaillants et que les femmes sont chastes.)拉羅什富科一句有關愛情的箴言常被後世引用:「真愛猶如鬼魅:眾口相傳,然嘗目擊者,鮮矣。」(Il est du véritable amour comme de l'apparition des esprits: tout le monde en parle, mais peu de gens en ont vu.)(《箴言集》第76條) 即使不少人以道德的名義譴責作者深刻的利己主義思想,但所有人都承認這部兩部作品巨大的文學價值。
十七世紀的法國思想家拉羅什福柯,出身在巴黎一個家世顯赫的家族,一生僅留下兩部作品傳世。古老貴族家庭出身的拉羅什福柯早年曾經歷多次沙場征戰,而且熱中政治活動,參與過政治密謀鬥爭,但因為得罪當權者而遭流放外省。晚年的拉羅什福柯則將關注重心從政治徹底轉向沙龍,成為當時重要的沙龍女主人賽維涅夫人(Madame de Sevigne) 和拉法葉夫人(Madame de La Fayette) 的沙龍座上嘉賓。同時,也開始省思此生見識過的人性善與惡,並在五十二歲時完成這部《人性箴言》。
《人性箴言》最早在一六六五年首度出版,原名為Réflexions ou sentences et maximes morales,意指「道德箴言或反思」,但內容並非指導世人應該如何應對進退的規範和戒律,而是拉羅什福柯對人類內在的心性動機和外在行為表現的描述及解析。他在全書首則箴言中表示,「所謂的德性,通常只是某些行為與各式利益的組合」,這正是貫穿整部作品的主要精神,也就是世上許多看似良善的行為,背後往往建立在私利的基礎上,與「人性本善」的觀點大相逕庭。
“We are accustomed to judge others by our own standard; and if we absolve them of our faults indulgently enough, we condemn them severely for lacking our merits.” – Francois De La Rochefoucauld, ‘Collected Maxims and Other Reflections’
Francois De La Rochefoucauld was born #OTD in 1613. He was renowned for his literary maxims and epigrams. In 1635 he was involved in an intrigue against Cardinal Richelieu and took part in the Frondes revolt (1648–53). His best-known work is Réflexions ou Sentences et Maximes Morales (1665).
美國哥倫比亞大學(Columbia University)宗教學博士,專攻漢傳佛教研究。1972至2004年間任教於羅格斯大學宗教學系(Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey),現任哥倫比亞大學宗教學系、東亞語言文化學系,以及「聖嚴漢傳佛學講座」教授,致力於指導漢傳佛教的博士研究生。
她的第一本著作《中國的佛教復興:袾宏與晚明的宗教融合》(The Renewal of Buddhism in China: Chu-hung and the Late Ming Synthesis , Columbia University Press 1981),是研究唐代以後佛教最早的英文著作之一,另合編有《中國的香客和聖地》(Pilgrims and Sacred Sites in China)。《觀音》一書的英文版於2001年由哥倫比亞大學出版社出版。
譯者簡介
陳懷宇
生於江西。曾求學北京師範大學、北大、普林斯頓大學。現任教於亞利桑那州立大學。主要研究中國宗教史和思想史,著有The Revival of Buddhist Monasticism in Medieval China,並發表中英論文十餘篇。
XXIX Into this Universe, and Why not knowing Nor Whence, like Water willy-nilly flowing; And out of it, as Wind along the Waste, I know not Whither, willy-nilly blowing.
墜地如水流,自家主難作;未知何從來,亦未悉何故。去時如風吹,欲住不得住;吹過荒漠間,知復向甚處?
LXVIII We are no other than a moving row Of Magic Shadow-shapes that come and go Round with the Sun-illumined Lantern held In Midnight by the Master of the Show;
Karashima (1992) Karashima, Seishi éléllgfigfii, The Textural Study of the Chinese Versions ofthe Saddharmapundarikasatra in the Light of the Sanskrit and the Tibetan Versions, Tokyo: Sankibo Press, 1992.
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讀《佛學》中的《法華經 方便品》、再讀《壽量品ㄈ》.....翻讀 THE LOTUS SUTRA Trans. By Burton Watson 相關部分 辛嶋靜志的《佛典語言及傳承》本篇在說明中期印度時期以口傳為主,所以認為 (判)梵文是初期漢譯佛經知本是誤解....我要先讀辛嶋靜志《佛典語言及傳承》中的4篇關於《法華經》的論文,pp.195-329 0401
這裡所蘊藏的再現/真實,已經是一個多重視點/多面體(多重現實)的講法。由於論述之憑藉是多樣的(不僅僅是話語),發言者、接受者也不定於一尊,再現就足多重視點的再現,而做為論述之對象方能被我們知覺到的現實,遂成為一多重現實[是否有一個真實不虛的現實在論述之外存在,在此是一個置入括弧的問題]。詳言之,現實是多重的,論述也是多重的:以論述來談論城市,但城市本身也是論述;可以話語、以石頭灰泥、以身體姿勢、以行動來發言,也可以話語、石頭灰泥、身體姿態、行動做為論述的對象。據此,城市也是多重的了,因為城市使存在於關於城市的多重論述(discourses of cities)和做為論述之多重現實的城市(cities as discourses )之間。
1979 "The Eiffel Tower", in The Eiffel Tower and Other Mythologies. trans. by Richard Howard. Howard. New York: The Noonday Press. pp.3-17.
1986 "Semiology and the Urban", in M. Cottdiener & Alexandros Ph. Lagopoulos(eds.) The City and the Sign: An Introduction to Urban Semiotics. New York: Columbia University Press. pp.87-98
Baudrillard, Jean
1983 Simulations. trans. by Paul Foss etc. New York: Semiotext(e).
Calvino, Italo
1967 "Philosophy and Literature", Times Literary Supplement, September 28, 1967. Also in The Uses of Literature. pp.39-49.
1976 "Right and Wrong Political Uses of Literature", Paper read at a symposium on European politics arranged by the European Studies Program at Amherst College, February 25, 1976. Also in The Uses of Literature. pp.89-100.
l978 "Levels of Reality in Literature",Paper read at an international conference on "Levels of Reality," Florence, September 1978. Also in The Uses of Literature. pp.101-121.
1986 The Uses of Literature. trans. by Patrick Creagh. San Diego: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich.
卡爾維諾的作品是好看至極的寓言,想像力游移且豐富,什麼樣的腦袋才寫得出這樣的作品!他是公認的戰後義大利最傑出的小說作者。他的逝世,不但對義大利人,甚至對世界文壇都是一種震驚。他逝後,遺孀艾瑟(Esther Calvino)陸續將遺稿以及從前未曾結集的舊作陸續出版,九四年初新出的是五篇回憶文章組成的《到聖喬凡尼的路上》(The Road to San Giovanni),聖喬凡尼是年幼時他父親農場的所在地。一個書評者在評論此書時,劈頭一開始就說:包括卡爾維諾在內的數名作家近年來未享長壽即逝世,留給義大利文學的空檔還未恢復。一個才情傑出的作家之死,是不可能恢復與彌補的缺憾。在近代文學裏故事講得好的多矣,形式創新者多矣,然而能將事務的關係、世界、命運、文明等請到深刻的卻如此稀少,許多作者可以被忘記,而卡爾維諾則註定是會被愈來愈記得的少數人之一。
Invisible Cities (Italian: Le città invisibili) is a novel by Italian writer Italo Calvino. It was published in Italy in 1972 by Giulio Einaudi Editore.
女巫求卜Marozia的命運:老鼠之城 vs 燕子之城 "I see two cities: one of the rat, one of the swallow."
Marozia
A sibyl, questioned about Marozia's fate, said, "I see two cities: one of the rat, one of the swallow." This was the interpretation of the oracle: today Marozia is a city where all run through leaden passages like packs of rats who tear from one another's teeth the leftovers which fall from the teeth of the most voracious ones; but a new century is about to begin in which all the inhabitants of Marozia will fly like swallows in the summer sky, calling one another as in a game, showing off, their wings still, as they swoop, clearing the air of mosquitoes and gnats. "It is time for the century of the rat to end and the century of the swallow to begin," the more determined said. In fact, already beneath the grim and petty rattish dominion, you could sense, among the less obvious people a pondering, the preparation of a swallowlike flight, heading for the transparent air with deft flick of the tail, then tracing with their wings' blade the curve of an opening horizon. I have come back to Marozia after many years: for some time the sibyl's prophecy is considered to have come true; the old century is dead and buried, the new is at its climax. The city has surely changed, and perhaps for the better. But the wings I have seen moving about are those of suspicious umbrellas under which heavy eyelids are lowered; there are people who believe they are flying, but it is already an achievement if they can get off the ground flapping their batlike overcoats. It also happens that, if you move along Marozia's compact walls, when you least expect it, you see a crack open and a different city appear. Then, an instant later, it has already vanished. Perhaps everything lies in knowing what words to speak, what actions to perform, and in what order and rhythm; or else someone's gaze, answer, gesture is enough; it is enough for someone to do something for the sheer pleasure of doing it, and for his pleasure to become the pleasure of others: at that moment, all spaces change, all heights, distances; the city is transfigured, becomes crystalline, transparent as a dragonfly. But everything must happen as if by chance, without attaching too much importance to it, without insisting that you are performing a decisive operation, remembering clearly that any moment the old Marozia will return and solder its ceiling of stone, cobwebs, and mold over all heads. Was the oracle mistaken? Not necessarily. I interpret it in this way: Marozia consists of two cities, the rat's and the swallow's; both change with time, but their relationship does not change; the second is the one about to free itself from the first.
“The longest journey is the journey inward.” ―MARKINGS (1964)
“When you have reached the point where you no longer expect a response, you will at last be able to give in such a way that the other is able to receive, and be grateful." ―from MARKINGS (1964) by Dag Hammarskjöld
Vägmärken published in 1963, is the only book by former UN secretary general, Dag Hammarskjöld. The journal was discovered after his death, ... Markings is characterised by Hammarskjöld's intermingling of prose and haiku poetry in a manner exemplified by the 17th-century Japanese poet Basho in his ... Markings, English translation, Faber & Faber, 1964 (Translators: Leif Sjö ...
A powerful journal of poems and spiritual meditations recorded over several decades by a universally known and admired peacemaker. A dramatic account of spiritual struggle, Markings has inspired hundreds of thousands of readers since it was first published in 1964. MARKINGS is distinctive, as W.H. Auden remarks in his foreword, as a record of “the attempt by a professional man of action to unite in one life the via activa and the via contemplativa.” It reflects its author’s efforts to live his creed, his belief that all men are equally the children of God and that faith and love require of him a life of selfless service to others. For Hammarskjöld, “the road to holiness necessarily passes through the world of action.” Markings is not only a fascinating glimpse of the mind of a great man, but also a moving spiritual classic that has left its mark on generations of readers. READ an excerpt here: https://www.penguinrandomhouse.com/…/markings-by-dag-hamma…/
Dag Hammarskjöld himself describes Markings as “the only true ‘profile’ that can be drawn”. Markings consists of short diary-like notes, prose and haiku poems. The texts are in the same order and form as Hammarskjöld himself left them. Notes and explanations can be found in the end of the book. The dating begins in 1925 and the last entry was written a few weeks before his death. Markings is not a book that you can rush through, since each paragraph requires reflection. Markings is a true classic. Since its discovery in 1963 it has been translated into a number of different languages.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dag_Hammarskj%C3%B6ld Former Secretary-General
Dag Hjalmar Agne Carl Hammarskjöld
Dag Hjalmar Agne Carl Hammarskjöld was Secretary-General of the United Nations from 10 April 1953 until 18 September 1961 when he met his death in a plane accident while on a peace mission in the Congo. He was born on 29 July 1905 in Jonkoping in south-central Sweden. The fourth son of Hjalmar Hammarskjöld, Prime Minister of Sweden during the years of World War I, and his wife Agnes, M.C. (b. Almquist), he was brought up in the university town of Uppsala where his father resided as Governor of the county of Uppland.
美國人查爾斯•M•索撒爾(Charles M. Southall)在1961年為美國國家安全局(NSA)在塞浦路斯的監聽站工作。那時他還是個年輕的小伙子。索撒爾回憶道,飛機失事那天夜裡,他聽到了一段實時錄音,錄音中,一名飛行員報告擊落了哈馬舍爾德的飛機。索撒爾認為美國中央情報局(CIA)與此事有牽連。他對威廉斯說:“如果CIA沒有下令謀殺哈馬舍爾德,那他們至少為凶手付了錢。”恩多拉機場官員的表現也十分可疑。哈馬舍爾德的飛機向恩多拉機場請求降落後不久就消失了。英國高級專員奧爾波特勳爵(Lord Alport)說,他覺得飛機肯定是“飛去別的地方了”,然後就關閉了機場。在有飛機突然失踪時,這種反應太不正常了。次日,搜查活動很晚才開始。哈馬舍爾德的飛機失踪15個小時後,官方才宣布找到飛機的殘骸,而飛機的殘骸距離恩多拉機場不過8英里。但威廉斯發現了一些證據,證明在官方宣布找到失事飛機殘骸幾個小時之前,事故現場就已經被發現。嫌犯可以利用這段時間重新佈置事故現場,甚至槍殺哈馬舍爾德——假如他沒有在墜機事故中喪生的話。事故後攝於醫院的一張哈馬舍爾德的照片顯示,他的額頭上有一個明顯的白點。戈德斯通說:“那有可能是一個彈孔。”的確,奧爾波特在1993年的一份備忘錄中有一句話格外引人注目,他寫道,哈馬舍爾德“在墜機後不久身亡”。哈馬舍爾德是被謀殺的。只是不清楚兇手是誰。甚至可能同時有兩撥人在策劃謀殺他。哈馬舍爾德有許多敵人,其中不乏狠毒之徒。戈德斯通1961年時在約翰內斯堡。他回憶道,哈馬舍爾德去世的消息傳出後,南非許多白人興高采烈。在當時的中部非洲,各種骯髒的故事輪番上演。比如說,比利時後來承認,曾參與1961年1月暗殺剛果總理帕特里斯•盧蒙巴(Patrice Lumumba)的行動。假如聯合國重新調查此事,可能會發現一些令人尷尬的事實。即便羅得西亞人在英國不知情的情況下謀殺了哈馬舍爾德,英國也脫不開干係,因為英國負責中非聯邦的外交政策。如果美國的情報機構也受到此事牽連,那就更尷尬了。戈德斯通告誡稱,我們很可能永遠都沒法肯定兇手到底是誰。他說:“這是個概率問題,而非不容置疑的事情。”但幾乎可以肯定,調查會有所發現。譯者/吳蔚
UN Photo/FS/gf Dag Hammarskjöld (right) and Martin Buber, Jerusalem, January 2, 1959
When Dag Hammarskjöld’s body was recovered from the crash site in Ndola, Zambia, where the Albertina, his chartered DC-6, went down on the night of September 18, 1961, he was lying on his back, propped up against an ant hill, immaculately dressed as always, in neatly pressed trousers and a white shirt with cuff links. His left hand was clutching some leaves and twigs, leaving rescuers to think he might have survived for a time after being thrown clear of the wreckage. Searchers also retrieved his briefcase. Inside were a copy of the New Testament, a German edition of poems by Rainer Maria Rilke, a novel by the French writer Jean Giono, and copies of the Jewish philosopher Martin Buber’s I and Thou in German and English. Folded into his wallet were some copies of American newspaper cartoons mocking him, together with a scrap of paper with the first verses of “Be-Bop-a-Lula” by Gene Vincent and His Blue Caps. Searchers also recovered some sheets of yellow lined legal paper filled with his minute, neat—some called it Japanese—handwriting. This enabled investigators to conclude that in flight he had been working on a translation of Buber’s I and Thou. There is a photograph of the Jewish prophet and the spry Swede taken together in Jerusalem in 1958. Hammarskjöld liked quoting Buber’s apodictic remark: “The only reply to distrust is candor.” In a jolting aircraft traveling through the night sky over the African jungle, the secretary-general devoted his final moments alive to turning Buber’s difficult thoughts into English:
This is the exalted melancholy of our fate that every Thou in our world must become an It.
Any reckoning with Dag Hammarskjöld’s life has to begin in Ndola. Clues to his elusive inner life were strewn across the crash site and the crash itself has never been conclusively explained. His colleague and first biographer, Brian Urquhart, blamed the crash on pilot error and dismissed the conspiracy theories that had sprung up around his death, but the new biography by Roger Lipsey gives considerable attention to the possibility that he was murdered. Zambian charcoal burners working in the forest near the airport that night, and interviewed by a succession of investigators in the years since, have always claimed they saw another plane fire at Hammarskjöld’s aircraft before it plunged to earth. In 2011, a British scholar, Susan Williams, reignited the debate over his death in a book entitled Who Killed Hammarskjöld?1 On the basis of extensive new forensic and archival research, she speculated that the mystery plane might have been a Belgian fighter aircraft working for the Katangese rebels. Hammarskjöld had plenty of enemies: white racist Rhodesians opposed to his support of African liberation; Belgian mining interests aligned with the breakaway Congolese province of Katanga that the UN was trying to bring to heel; the CIAand the KGB, each battling …
4 甘博在中國 Jonathan Spence, "Sidney Gamble's China," in Spence, Chinese Roundabout: Essays in History and Culture (Norton, 1992 ISBN978-0-393-30994-2): 51-67. 《中國縱橫:一個漢學家的學術探索之旅》 56~74
芥川龍之介(Akutagawa, Ryunosuke):作品名 .; 蜘蛛の糸 ; 蜜柑 ; 地獄変……. 1892–1927, Japanese author. One of Japan's finest short-story writers, he derived many of his tales from historical Japanese sources, but told them with psychological insights in an individualistic style. "Rashomon"(1915 這「羅生門」收入英文字眼) and "In a Grove" (1921) were made into the classic 1950 film Rashomon, directed by Akira Kurosawa . His later writings, largely autobiographical fiction, were not successful, and this lack of popular response may have contributed to his suicide.
The Pleasures of Japanese Literature is a short nonfiction work by Donald Keene, which deals with Japanese aesthetics and literature; it is intended to be less academic and encyclopedic than his other works dealing with Japanese literature such as Seeds in the Heart, but better as an introduction for students and laymen. This aim is unsurprising, as Keene notes in his introduction that "This book originated as five lectures, three delivered at the New York Public Library in the spring of 1986, the fourth at the University of California at Los Angeles in 1986, and the last at the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York in 1987.....The lectures - and this book - were intended for a general audience..." (from the first page of the Preface).
Chapters Specifically, its five chapters deal with:
Japanese Aesthetics - (wabi, mono no aware, etc.) Japanese Poetry - (classical waka, some renga and haiku) The Uses of Japanese Poetry Japanese Fiction - (Tsurezuregusa, Yoshida Kenkō, Biography of Eight Dogs) Japanese Theater - (Noh, Kabuki, Bunraku) External links Review in The New York Times Keene, Donald. The Pleasures of Japanese Literatures. ISBN 0-231-06736-4.
The book's cover; a work from the "Album of the Thirty-Six Immortal Poets" by Sumiyoshi Gukei (1631-1705) Author Donald Keene Cover artist Sumiyoshi Gukei; design by Jennifer Dossin Country United States Language English Series Companions to Asian studies Subject Japanese literature (poetry, theater, and fiction) Genre Academic Publisher Columbia University Press Publication date 1988
Nanban art (南蛮美術) refers to Japanese art of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries ... The Namban Art of Japan. ... Namban: Art in Viceregal Mexico. Turner.
Nanban art refers to Japanese art of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries influenced by contact with the Nanban or 'Southern barbarians', traders and missionaries from Europe and specifically from Portugal.Wikipedia
Publisher: William Morrow & Co; 1st edition (September 1983)
Language: English
Japanese Pilgrimage. Oliver STATLER. This is the grandfather of all English language books written about the pilgrimage. He spent about three months walking the pilgrimage in 1971 and this is a thoughtful and insightful accounting of that trip and another partial trip in 1968, with enough history (although partly fictionalized) to help us understand the big picture. An absolute 100% must read for anyone contemplating walking the pilgrimage. Pan Books, 1984
Map of the 88 temples along the Shikoku Pilgrimage Pilgrims at Zentsū-ji, Temple 75 and the birthplace of Kūkai An aruki-henro or walking pilgrim, marked out by his distinctive sedge hat, white shirt, and kongō-zue. The henro-michi route passes through the countryside and a number of cities.
The Shikoku Pilgrimage (四国遍路 Shikoku Henro) or Shikoku Junrei (四国巡礼) is a multi-site pilgrimage of 88 templesassociated with the Buddhist monkKūkai (Kōbō Daishi) on the island of Shikoku, Japan. A popular and distinctive feature of the island's cultural landscape, and with a long history, large numbers of pilgrims, known as henro (遍路), still undertake the journey for a variety of ascetic, pious, and tourism-related purposes.[1] The pilgrimage is traditionally completed on foot, but modern pilgrims use cars, taxis, buses, bicycles, or motorcycles. The standard walking course is approximately 1,200 kilometres (750 mi) long and can take anywhere from 30 to 60 days to complete.
In addition to the 88 "official" temples of the pilgrimage, there are over 20 bangai — temples not considered part of the official 88. To complete the pilgrimage, it is not necessary to visit the temples in order; in some cases it is even considered lucky[citation needed] to travel in reverse order. Henro(遍路) is the Japanese word for pilgrim,[2] and the inhabitants of Shikoku call the pilgrims o-henro-san (お遍路さん), the o (お) being an honorificand the san (さん) a title similar to "Mr." or "Mrs.". They are often recognizable by their white clothing, sedge hats, and kongō-zue or walking sticks. Alms or osettai are frequently given. Many pilgrims begin and complete the journey by visiting Mount Kōya in Wakayama Prefecture, which was settled by Kūkai and remains the headquarters of Shingon Buddhism. The 21 kilometres (13 mi) walking trail up to Koya-san still exists, but most pilgrims use the train.
書目; Jonathan D. Spence(史景遷)著,《中國縱橫:一個漢學家的學術探索之旅》(Chinese Roundabout: Essays in History and Culture),夏俊霞等譯,上海遠東出版社,2005年
史景遷的《明代生活的活力》(收入《中國縱橫》123-33)雖只是書評,很可參考。
前言 第一编 跨文化交流 1 黄嘉略的巴黎岁月 2 门德斯·秉托的旅程 3 利玛窦及其北京之行
4 甘博在中國 Jonathan Spence, "Sidney Gamble's China," in Spence, Chinese Roundabout: Essays in History and Culture (Norton, 1992 ISBN978-0-393-30994-2): 51-67. 《中國縱橫:一個漢學家的學術探索之旅》 56~74