特點

作為一本高端人物類期刊，《時代人物》杜絕喧囂與浮躁，將以最理性的思維，縝密的分析，深入時代的各個方面，梳理海量信息，用樸實、親切的表述為這個時代的"忙人"們提供最具價值的資訊。以廣闊的視角，高端的定位，真實感人的故事，充滿理性和個性語言，展現精英人物的所思所想。讓"忙人"能夠充分了解世界大事，與時代同步，與時代精英人物共同思考。《時代人物》定位準確獨特，緊密地把學術界、文化界、企業界、金融界聯系在一起，並對其進行全方位的關註和深度報道，每一份《時代人物》都會是曠達、深邃、銳進、創新的載體，都能讓你感受到精英人物的思想活力，時代潮流的勃勃生機。

期刊簡介

期刊名稱:時代人物

英文名稱:Times Figure

主辦單位:陝西人民出版社

出版周期:月刊

出版地:北京市

語言種類:中文

期刊開本:大16開

國際標準刊號:ISSN 1674-0645

國內統一刊號:CN 61-1455/C

歷史沿革

現用刊名:時代人物

創刊時間:2007

戰爭與工業：抗日戰爭時期裝備製造業的演化


作者： 嚴鵬
出版社：浙江大學出版社
出版日期：2018/11/01
語言：簡體中文

陳默評《戰爭與工業》︱戰爭促進工業發展了嗎？


戰爭與工業：

抗日戰爭時期中國裝備製造業的演化

嚴鵬著

浙江大學出版社

2018年11月出版

400頁，75.00元

━━━━



文︱陳 默



作為一個軍事史的研究者，師長和朋儕都笑話我開口榴彈炮、閉口機關槍，常常癡迷於兵器的世界不能自拔。不過我明白，進入現代之後，所有先進的武器裝備都需要完整的工業體系尤其是製造業作為基礎。少年時玩過《文明》《鋼鐵雄心》系列遊戲的青年，想必都可以深刻理解這一點，而我們的教材也不斷強調近代中國幾乎所有的禦侮戰爭，都是「落後的農業國與先進的工業國之間」的對抗。戰爭與工業之間關係的重要性，再怎麼強調也不過分。

抗日戰爭作為中國近現代史上歷時最長、規模最大的禦侮戰爭，其外延和內涵實在豐富，近年來此一時段相關各方面的研究層出不窮，使人不免有亂花迷眼之感，至於戰時工業的研究，自然也並不全是空白。而工業史本屬於經濟史的重要分支，除了廣大史學工作者，還有不少經濟學家在從事相關研究，抗戰時期工業的發展，也是他們已經多次關注的問題。因而，當翻開嚴鵬先生這本名為《戰爭與工業：抗日戰爭時期中國裝備製造業的演化》的新著時，我多少有點小人之心，以為這或許一部建立在對既有研究總結基礎上進一步深化的作品。不過閱讀完畢之後，我發自內心地讚嘆：作者真是匠心獨具，對這樣一個並不算特別新的問題，予以全新的建構，並獲得了相當的成功。

該書以戰時中國工業的重要基礎——裝備製造業為對象，圍繞「戰爭與工業化」這一核心問題，復原了這一重要行業在戰爭狀態下的演變和發展，重點討論了戰時裝備製造業的壯大、國民政府對行業的影響、裝備企業製造能力的提升，以及戰後裝備製造業的衰頹幾個方面的問題，同時該書還考察了淪陷區和解放區裝備製造業的情況。由本書出發，一些有趣的問題倒是撲面而來，使我們有必要深入嚴鵬的論述中，與他一道去探究一番。



戰爭與工業的雙重變奏

按照套路，分析一本學術著作時比較極端的做法，是很「技術」地先從它的理論、方法、風格以及作者所使用的材料等等入手，像「庖丁解牛」一樣先把這本書分拆得七零八落。至於它的重要觀點和主要內容，似乎都已經在其次了。這樣做或許有助於提升閱讀者自身的論文寫作能力，但對我們了解過去、增長知識來說卻是十分不利的。而作者的這本書，我以為最大的貢獻，恰好在於他的觀點和內容，所以必須「重要的話先說」。

根據我們的常識，抗日戰爭這場前所未有的浩劫對中國經濟的破壞是顯而易見的，國家的所有產業幾乎都難逃劫數，裝備製造業當然也未能幸免。洋務運動以來民族所積存的工礦企業大多集中於最先遭到戰火波及的沿海地區，大概到1938年底，這些珍貴的骨血就淪陷敵手；依靠數月的內遷，大型企業以及賴以生存的設備遷至內地，卻又不得不分散於西部交通不便的山區；加上過去工業發展倚重的各類進口，又受制於日本的封鎖。戰時中國的裝備製造業，生存下來都是一個巨大問題，遑論如何發展。

作者對這段歷史的復原，卻是一個與我們過去想像迥異的敘事。戰前中國的工業發展本來就是一個極不平衡的布局：輕工業占據主體，而重工業尤其是裝備製造業發展遲緩。這對戰爭來說是一個相當不利的開局，但辯證地看，則戰爭初期所損失的工業，也以輕工業為主，重工業並未傷筋動骨。而為數不多的重工業精華，皆優先被內遷到了西部，獲得了再生的機會，這次還算成功的大撤退為戰時裝備製造業的復興提供了基礎。


誠然，隨後日軍的封鎖給中國經濟帶來巨大困難的同時，也使得戰時工業起步艱難。有趣的是，正是這樣的局面製造了巨大的需求。國家也好企業也罷，用不了舶來品，那麼就只得使用國產貨替代。國營工廠和民營企業齊上陣兩開花，陸續製造出車床、鍋爐和電機。裝備製造業的上遊產業如冶金業也因之萌發。戰時國民政府在「總體戰」思路引導下實施的統制經濟更是提供了難得的助力。國家直接介入新興行業如飛機製造業的創建，並協助舊行業的技術升級，同時還幫助培養了相當數量的人才。反對社會主義的國民政府也開始搞起了產業救助和加工訂貨，進一步創造需求。凱恩斯主義在一定程度上發揮了作用。後方裝備企業製造能力的提升，因而也就不足為怪了。發電設備、船舶、機車、農機、紡織機械等製造均獲得了成功，唯獨汽車的製造不如人意。國家在其中的具體導向和支持力度，自是其中的關鍵。

作者強調，正是「需求效應」產生的作用，才促成了後方裝備製造業的發展，這顯然符合邏輯同時也符合歷史。大量的數據表明，在如此困難的情況下，後方裝備製造業並未因戰事而枯萎，反而爆發出戰前並未出現過的生命力。一定程度上，這也是一種中國奇跡。作者最大的貢獻之一，是他注意到了戰爭在帶來巨大破壞的同時，也具有一定的建設意義。簡而言之，戰爭對工業發展來說，相當程度是一種良性刺激。

作者的這個解釋框架建立於紮實的史料和充分的論述，具有很強的說服力。不過，稍稍逆向思維或許反而有助於我們重新審視戰時工業。一些知識分子強調：西南聯大在昆明艱難的歲月中，取得了巨大的成就，指出這是國難環境下的意外收獲，頗有「艱難困苦玉汝於成」的意味。但我們都知道，西南聯大所有的成就，多萌芽於戰前的積淀，而物質條件的匱乏，恰恰是阻礙西南聯大變得更為成功的因素。

戰時裝備製造業的發展歷程其實與之頗為相似。我們都知道，以國民政府資源委員會為代表的一系列部門，在南京時期制訂了宏偉的計劃，也開始了初步的嘗試。國民政府對日挑釁一再拖延，就是為了爭取更多的緩沖時間，以落實上述計劃。試想一下，如果中日晚一些時候開戰，國府多爭取到幾年和平時期，誰能斷言中國的裝備製造業仍舊裹足不前，萬一資源委員會1936年制訂的重工業建設計劃能夠如之前的法幣改革一樣成功施行呢？另一方面，戰時後方裝備製造業雖不缺市場，存在著有利條件，但原料和技術的匱乏也是實實在在的不利條件，因而戰前已有積累的、技術含量較低的裝備可以大量生產，但缺乏基礎、科技密集的產品，極容易屢試屢敗，產業升級必將遭遇瓶頸。此外，戰爭帶來的動蕩、饑餓、通貨膨脹，均是不可回避的消極因素，同樣限制了裝備製造業的發展。

因此，戰爭在促進工業發展的同時，會不會也在阻礙工業的進步呢？這或許真是一個雙重變奏。熟悉國民黨史的人都知道，國民黨政權在工業方面取得巨大成就的時空，是上世紀七八十年代的台灣，那恰好是一個相對和平的環境。



戰時裝備製造業的前後左右

作者將裝備製造業作為他的研究對象，非常合乎他的觀點。然而，在裝備製造業的前後左右，仍存在著不少可以討論的問題，值得推敲，畢竟我們內心關注的，還是作為整體的工業與戰爭之間的互動。

從定義上說，裝備製造業（equipment manufacture industry）是一個很晚近的概念，過去使用得比較多的相近概念是機械製造業。此種「後見之明」是否適當姑且不論。作者在使用這個概念時，專門做了解釋：「裝備製造業系專指機械工業中生產技術較複雜產品的高端部分」，並認為依次為考察對象，是「得宜」的。我基本同意他的看法。我們大家在學習第一次工業革命的時候，都熟悉工業革命完成的標誌是機械化大生產的做到，即「機器生產機器」。由此，裝備製造業在所有產業內的核心地位，自是不言而喻。以裝備製造業為例研究戰時的工業，確實具有不小的代表性。

不過工業作為一個整體，其中除裝備製造業之外，的確還包含了不少非常重要的行業，它們在戰時發展狀況對我們理解戰爭與工業的關係，也具有不可忽略的意義。比如與本書沒有提到的上遊產業——采礦業，其在戰時的發展與裝備製造業大抵相似，在巨大需求和政府引導下，取得了明顯的進步。新的煤礦大量開采，鐵與有色金屬提升了產能，鹽業獲得新的機遇，石油工業從無到有……以上種種均符合作者的觀點。與之相似的，還有能源業、化工業等等重工業部門，以及輕工業所屬的許多門類。從這個意義來講，作者的解釋框架的適用範圍已經超過了裝備製造業的范疇，其學術價值真是不小。

另一方面，作者的觀點確實無法解釋全部工業門類在戰時的發展，其中尤以兵器工業為甚。其實軍工與戰爭的關係，較裝備製造業更為緊密，理應受到更大的關注。甚至在某些行家眼中，兵器工業本身就是裝備製造業的一部分。本書中作者將兵器工業排除在研究範圍之外，所依據的理由是「兵工企業的運行機制可謂離‘經濟發展規律’最為遙遠，甚至常常不受成本/收益這一基本經濟規則的束縛」，因而「不太可能成為適合於經濟研究的典型樣本」。這樣的說法多少有些牽強。由於戰爭的關係，戰時大後方的兵器工業優先得到內遷的機會，存在著軍方巨大的需求（雖不是來自市場，但需求接近於無限），還能得到國民政府最大力度的支持，所面臨的環境與裝備製造業頗為相似，何妨稍加類比呢。可是，兵器工業的發展的確大相徑庭——戰前中國尚且造出山炮、野炮，還組裝出「平海」號巡洋艦，戰時中國可以製造步、機槍，但卻連一門像樣的身管火炮都「攢」不出來，遑論坦克、裝甲車、戰鬥機、驅逐艦、潛艇……這遠遠背離了作者的解釋框架。其實，兵器工業屬於工業門類中的尖端，是製造業的明珠，其發展所需的條件更為苛刻，中國之所以無法造出火炮，主要是外援斷絕後得不到成品炮管，甚至得不到可供加工的炮鋼。這樣的窘境，和作者所論述裝備製造業中飛機、汽車試制所遭遇的頓挫如出一轍。因而，我們需要意識到，戰爭的良性刺激，對工業中的少數門類如高端製造業，或許起到的促進作用有限。

將考察範圍再放大一些，作者的解釋說服力又當如何呢？與工業同屬於第二產業的建築業，其戰時的狀況就顯然不如戰前，由於經費、資源的缺乏，由於戰火的蹂躪，人們無法在重慶、成都、昆明、西安等後方城市修築上海、南京、天津、廣州等地擁有的美輪美奐的建築，更不用說整體的規劃和設計。與工業關係緊密的交通運輸業，戰時的發展也捉襟見肘，相當程度比不上戰前。交通工具的匱乏、燃料緊缺、建設能力跟不上，導致交通運輸業甚至出現了逆發展，驛路和木船從博物館走出，承擔了相當的運力。可見，只要我們稍稍看得遠一點，戰爭相對於各行各業猙獰的面目就清晰可見了。

當然如前所述，作者明確告訴了讀者他所討論的主要是裝備製造業，因而他的解釋框架沒有問題。不過就算回到裝備製造業這個范疇，依然有些許可以商榷之處。作者判斷戰時裝備製造業取得成就的標準主要有二：數量（規模）與質量（技術），以此為尺度是適當的。但是今天我們知道，產業是否健康是否有前途，還得看產業的分布和產業的資本構成。戰時裝備製造業在後兩點上並不十分樂觀。產業重心主要分布在今天的川渝地區，西南其餘省份顯然就要遜色不少，而西北廣大地區更是鮮有亮點。產業的資本構成，更是體現出「國進民退」的特點，除了民生機器廠等鳳毛麟角，大量的民營製造業無法與國營工廠競爭，呈現出萎縮的跡象。這是否意味著我們對戰時裝備製造業發展的評價，要略微打個折扣呢？



關於本書的理論、史料、表述

從職業的角度來看，作者的這本專著是可圈可點的。盡管在內容、觀點和解釋框架上我們還可以進一步的討論，但該書在理論使用、史料搜集上都為同儕樹立了一個標桿，表述也有頗多可借鑒之處。

從哲學上來說，歷史學本身可能是經驗主義的，具備一定的反理論傾向。而實踐中的歷史學常常有不斷借鑒其他學科的理論，幫助我們去認識過去、理解古人。其中，經濟史在使用理論方面是相對領先的。本書也不例外，作者明確表示這本書是「對經濟學德國歷史學派傳統的雙重接續與發展」，「與純粹的歷史學研究在方法上存在著差異，而是一種歷史化了的經濟學理探討」。他自述在研究過程中「不斷透過自己的研究對象與德國歷史學派的學者進行精神上的對話」，此言的確不虛。稍微溢美一點地講，作者用上世紀四十年代戰時中國發生的故事，較為成功地論證了一百年前德國經濟學大師李斯特的理論之合理性。這已經超過了不少歷史學著作——即便是普遍使用理論的經濟史著作，段數稍低的多是使用理論來幫自己說話，或是史料缺乏時為自己壯膽，甚至乾脆就點綴一下。




作者在史料的搜集和使用方面值得我輩學習。在一個史料獲取相對容易的時代，最為省時省力的做法，無疑是借助大數據的威力，用電腦廣泛搜羅各式各樣的史料，羅列排比以示博聞強記。王奇生教授那代學人足跡遍及地方檔案館，手工抄錄原始檔案的做法，似乎已不流行。可作者還是十分古典地選擇了「笨辦法」，走訪大後方的數個檔案館，搜集了不少尚未使用過的材料。正如朱蔭貴教授在序言中所稱讚的，嚴鵬「收集資料的檔案館就包括多個地方檔案館，以及大量資料匯編和舊海關史料，其中包括多個行業的資料匯編。還有多種志書和當時各個企業或行業所編出版的各種刊物，以及國內外學術界此前出版的有關研究成果。充分地占有研究資料，是每一個研究者都向往的目標，但卻需要花費大量時間和精力」。嚴鵬為此書所付出的心血和汗水，實在不足為外人道也。另外，為了寫作此書，他還跑了大量的遺址，這同樣是可以讚賞的地方。從事經濟史研究，依然可以借鑒歷史人類學「進村找廟、進廟找碑」的做法。想來在這樣艱辛的田野工作中，作者也獲益良多。

就表述而言，本書的表述做到了說理和敘事的有機結合。好的歷史著作可以有精彩的故事，但一定得在講故事的同時稍稍講講道理。本書在表述上長於分析，每一個分析亦建立於嚴密的形式邏輯，使得各個觀點之間銜接得非常緊密。作者還常常進行反思，不斷地修正、調整通過史料和推演建立起來的觀點，讀來令人覺得絲絲入扣，難覓缺陷。作為經濟史，本書的故事性或許沒有政治史、文化史那麼強，但作者也盡量在可讀性上下了功夫，其秘訣之一就是將「人」引入了討論之中，讀者在書中不難找得到許許多多活生生的人，可以讀到他們的言論，觸碰到他們的思想，這使得我們在閱讀中能夠體會到一些趣味。

本書與表述相關的篇章布局方面，我倒有小小微詞。為了論述的全面完整，嚴鵬在第五章討論了敵占區的裝備製造業，第六章討論了紅色裝備製造業，這當然不錯，但這兩章的內容插入大後方裝備製造業的論述中間，或許不是那麼恰當。如果把第七章「戰後裝備製造業」放到第四章之後，對讀者來說可能更加友好。而淪陷區、解放區的裝備製造業發展，處理為附一章、附二章，亦無不可。

當然，即便我的看法存在著些許道理，也無損這本書巨大的學術價值。正如本文開頭所述，抗戰時期的工業發展，是一個不算太新的題目。人們都明白，翻唱舊的曲子本來不易，要大聲要唱出新的感覺那就更難。從這個意義上講，作者成功地在舊的研究對象身上不乏創見、新意疊出，的確是「舊曲新歌音愈高」。

 Ivan Ivanovich Panaev (Russian: Ива́н Ива́нович Пана́ев; March 27, 1812 – March 2, 1862) was a Russian writer, literary critic, journalist and magazine publisher.

Early life[edit]

Panaev was born into a gentry family in St Petersburg.^[1] He graduated from the Boarding School for the Nobility at Saint Petersburg State University in 1830. He began publishing his works in 1834. His first romantic novellas included The Bedroom of a Society Woman (1834, published 1835) and She Will Be Happy (1836).^[2] He married Avdotya Bryanskaya in 1837. Avdotya became a well-known writer and memoirist.^[1]

Career[edit]

Panaev became acquainted with Vissarion Belinsky in 1839; their friendship significantly influenced Panaev's literary career. Between 1839 and 1846 his works were published in Otechestvennye Zapiski. They included the novellas The Onager (1841) and Actaeon (1842), the novel Mama's Boy (1845), essays, satires, and short stories. Panaev's satire The Literary Aphid (1843) was highly praised by Belinsky.^[2] He abandoned his civil service career in 1844, in order devote his full attention to literature.^[1] Panaev was introduced to Fyodor Dostoyevsky by Nikolay Nekrasov and Dmitry Grigorovich, and often met Dostoyevsky at meetings of the Belinsky circle. In 1845 Dostoyevsky read his first novel Poor Folk to a literary gathering organized by Panaev and his wife. Dostoyevsky was a frequent visitor to the important literary salon run by Avdotya Panaeva. Dostoyevsky stopped attending the salon after quarreling with Ivan Turgenev, a fellow visitor.^[3]

In 1847, together with Nekrasov, Panaev took over Sovremennik, making it into a popular literary magazine and a financial success.^[1] Between 1851 and 1861, under the pseudonym "The New Poet", he published his monthly surveys of journalism and of life in St Petersburg in Sovremennik. Other works by Panaev include the novel Lions in the Provinces (1852), the novella Relatives (1847), and the essay cycle Knowledge of Fops (1854–57).^[2] In the 1850s Panaev was one of the leading supporters of the emancipation of women.^[1] His Literary Reminiscences, written during the last years of his life, were published in 1861. This work contains portraits of literary figures, artists, musicians, and actors of the period from the 1820ss to the 1850s. Panaev's literary parodies, some written in collaboration with Nekrasov, were widely read.^[2]

伊萬·伊萬諾維奇·帕納耶夫
出生	1812年3月27日 俄羅斯帝國聖彼得堡
逝世	1862年3月2日 俄羅斯帝國聖彼得堡
職業	作家，批評家，出版商

伊萬·伊萬諾維奇·帕納耶夫（俄語：Ива́н Ива́нович Пана́ев,1812年3月27日－1862年3月2日），俄國作家，文學批評家，新聞人及出版商。

帕納耶夫出生於聖彼得堡一個貴族家庭。1830年畢業於聖彼得堡大學。1834年第一篇作品發表。1837年與阿芙朵嘉·布良斯卡婭結為夫妻，後來阿芙朵嘉·帕納耶娃也成為知名的作家^[1]。

1839年帕納耶夫結識別林斯基，與別林斯基的友誼對他的文學生涯產生了重要的影響。1839年至1846年間帕納耶夫的作品發表在《祖國紀事》上。1844年帕納耶夫放棄了公職以全心投入文學創作^[1]。經由涅克拉索夫和格里戈羅維奇的介紹，帕納耶夫與陀思妥耶夫斯基結識，並在別林斯基組織的文學活動中多次與之接觸。1845年陀思妥耶夫斯基在帕納耶夫和妻子組織的聚會上朗讀了自己的處女作《窮人》。陀思妥耶夫斯基是聚會的常客，但一次和屠格涅夫的爭吵後便不再參與^[2]。

1847年，帕納耶夫和涅克拉索夫一起接管了普希金的雜誌《現代人》^[1]。

參考文獻[編輯]

群星燦爛的年代

 Mick SwigerNeil deGrasse Tyson

 

The words I am about to express: They now have their own crowned goddess. – Leandro Díaz. This epigraph does just what a good epigraph should do.

you'll notice that Florentino refers to the object of his adoration, Fermina, as a "crowned goddess" several times, and even composes a special waltz just for her with that title.

Love in the Time of Cholera: Motifs | SparkNotes

Flowers

Any reference to a flower or any kind of floral imagery within the text serves as an indirect reference to the presence of love. Because Florentino himself makes a strong association between flowers and love, the reader may also. Florentino expresses his affections for Fermina (and a number of his mistresses) by sending them flowers, as is customary. However, the novel brings special meaning to flowers, as does Florentino. He uses flowers, namely camellias and roses, to express his feelings for Fermina, and to remember her. In Chapter 2, Florentino is so impassioned by his love for Fermina, that he eats gardenias and rose petals in order to know and consume her, figuratively. In many of his letters, Florentino sends Fermina a white camellia, the "flower of promise," a gesture which represents his undying love for her. Also, Florentino serenades Fermina with a single violin concerto, entitled "Crowned Goddess, which he composes in her honor, after seeing her wearing a crown of flowers atop her head.

 

234 大師之間的友誼﹕歌德與席勒(1794-1805) 2018-06-10

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KSMsFsUC_k4&t=13s


歌德與席勒之間的書信已有中文本 2021



The Sorrows of Young Werther explores the conflicts between ideas and feelings, between circumstance and desire, continues in his controversial novel probing the institution of marriage, Elective Affinities.
The cosmic drama of Faust goes far beyond the realism of the novels in a poetic exploration of good and evil, while Italian Journey, written in the author’s old age, recalls his youth in Italy and the impact of Mediterranean culture on a young northerner.

“I am proud of my heart alone, it is the sole source of everything, all our strength, happiness and misery. All the knowledge I possess everyone else can acquire, but my heart is all my own”
― from THE SORROWS OF YOUNG WERTHER (1774) by Johann Wolfgang von Goethe

"Just trust yourself and you'll learn the art of living."
~Johann Wolfgang von Goethe 1749~
 German poet, novelist, and dramatist. In 1791 he was appointed director of the Weimar court theatre, a post he held for many years. In the field of literature his most famous work was the poetic drama in two parts, Faust


席勒 Friedrich Schiller、歌德與洪堡特的友誼...

Goethe, Lessing, and Schiller: German Dramatists, Freemasons, Poets, and Romanticists

Goethe–Schiller ：
十年友誼 十年合作 (1794.6~1805)


Monument Ernst Rietschel's 1857   Dimensions  3.7 m
Location   Weimar (copies in San Francisco
Cleveland, Milwaukee, Syracuse, & Anting)

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goethe%E2%80%93Schiller_Monument

Correspondence Between Schiller and Goethe

Goethe, Schiller, von Humboldts in Jena, c. 1797
Schiller, Wilhelm and Alexander von Humboldt with Goethe in Jena
On Schiller and the Course of His Spiritual Development by Wilhelm von Humboldt 1830.
魯克（Nicolaas A. Rupke）『洪堡特後傳』）（Alexander von Humboldt (1769-1859): A Metabiography
他和他哥哥（創建柏林大學的語言學家Wilhelm von
Humboldt 1767~1835）一樣，都是德國文化偶像，與歌德、席勒、貝多芬齊名。

Goethe, Schiller, Alexander and Wilhelm von Humboldt in Jena, c. 1797
In 1830 Humboldt edited and published his correspondence with the poet Schiller and included a lengthy essay “On Schiller and the Path of his Intellectual Development” (“Ueber Schiller und den Gang seiner Geistesentwicklung”, GS Vol 6: 492–527).

In the same year appeared also an extensive essay on the late Goethe in the form of a review of the concluding part of the poet’s Italian Journeythat had been published the previous year. There he attempted, as he had done before in his Schiller essay, to interpret the various sides of the poet from one central point of view: this time from the poet’s perception of art and nature (“Rezension von Goethes Zweitem römischen Aufenthalt”, GS Vol 6: 528–550).

Art in its most basic sense is to be understood as the transformation of what is real into an image (Das Wirkliche in ein Bild zu verwandeln, GS Vol 2: 126, de transformer en image ce qui, dans la nature est réel”, GS Vol 1: 1). The art of the poet, more specifically, “consists in his ability or competence (Fertigkeit) to render the imagination creative according to rules”, to incite the imagination through the imagination (GS Vol 2: 127) and thereby create “a live act of communication” (lebendige Mitteilung) (GS Vol 2: 132). Among all the arts poetry occupies a special position in Humboldt’s view, because the material from which it is fashioned is not like ordinary material, as the stone or marble the sculptor uses, but instead consists of something already endowed with form, namely language. Poetry therefore “is art through language”. Through his imagination the poet creates works that represent “a world” embodying a totality of their own that differs in principle from the world of reality. In his definition of art Humboldt no longer looks at artworks as objects in order to gather from them a list of quasi objective qualities from which the nature of art could then be derived, but instead focuses on the process of aesthetic production and the rules by which it is governed and on how these rules are revealed in the poet’s art. In other words, a generative one has replaced the traditional mimetic or objective concept of art.


Alexander and Wilhelm von Humboldt
1836

歌德圈，絕非「好朋友聚在一塊兒而已。」 Alexander  von Humbold 去美洲前，歌德指著一排多彩房間.....You are one of us, YOU should report back.

「席勒圈」-- 2018年：益友錄；文化群英會：Bauhaus(德) 、維也納 (廿世紀之交)、 Nohant (法)、Weimar-Jena (德)
依舊謎般？

一介之士，必有密友。密友不必定是刎頸之交。大率雖千百里之遙，皆可相信，而不為浮言所動；聞有謗之者，即多方為之辯析而後已；事之宜行宜止者，代為籌畫決斷；或事當利害關頭，有所需而後濟者，即不必與聞，亦不慮其負我與否，竟為力承其事，此皆所謂密友也。
　　求知己於朋友易；求知己於妻妾難；求知己於君臣則尤難之難。
張潮《幽夢影》


劉廣定《胡適與林語堂的交往：紅樓夢及其他》

《胡適研究通訊》總第40期〈2017.12.25〉
http://www.mh.sinica.edu.tw/koteki/files/20180313092125821.pdf

知音其難哉！音實難知，知實難逢；逢其知音，千載其一乎！
《知音》是劉勰《文心雕龍》的第四十八篇。

Das Goethe-und-Schiller-Denkmal auf dem Theaterplatz in Weimar, 2013
2013

薩弗蘭斯基《歌德與席勒--友誼的故事》封面

歌德與席勒：兩位文學大師之間的友誼
作者： （德）呂迪格爾·薩弗蘭斯基
出版社：生活‧讀書‧新知三聯書店
出版日期：2017/01/01
語言：簡體中文    馬文韜譯


Goethe- und Schiller-Archiv, Weimar;Theatre and Goethe-Schiller-Denkmal; 紀念碑
Johann Wolfgang Von Goethe HouseFreistaat Thüringen  另設有六個不屬於任何行政區的獨立市:
艾森納赫
艾爾福特
格拉
耶拿
蘇爾
威瑪


歌德與席勒：大師之間的友誼 1794~1805
《席勒 (Friedrich Schiller 1759~1805)與歌德 (Johann Wolfgang von Goethe 1749~1832)》，1794.7.20 在Jena相識

Johann Wolfgang von Goethe 's sketch of Friedrich Schiller 's garden from the footpath on the left bank of the Leutra River


 Weimarer Hoftheater 1907

“There is nothing that says more about its creator than the work itself."
W. Benjamin在1931年4月的對青少年廣播稿{巴士底監獄}；{浮士德博士} (從第一本到歌德的 (看過街頭木偶戲的，30歲前構思，80歲再完成......)，


歌德 席勒文学书简 / [歌德, 席勒原著] ; 张荣昌, 张玉书译
合肥市 : 安徽文藝, 1991，401頁，5.5元
臺大總圖書館
郭松棻、李瑜 教授合贈 2016.07.07

Correspondence between Schiller and Goethe, from 1794 to 1805
Publication date 1877
https://archive.org/stream/correspondencebe02schi/correspondencebe02schi_djvu.txt

1949

（德）弗里德里希·席勒．三十年战争史：商务印书馆，2009
Friedrich Schiller, The Thirty Years' War 1608-1648 (1792) part 1英譯朗讀
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Z0O8u5-vnS8


Defenestrations of Prague  歐洲列強均想插手帝國事務，以獲取利益。它們分為兩派，其中哈布斯堡王朝集團由奧地利大公國、西班牙帝國與神聖羅馬帝國的天主教諸侯國組成，並得到羅馬教皇及波蘭立陶宛聯盟的支持；而另一方為反哈布斯堡王朝集團，由法蘭西王國、丹麥王國、瑞典帝國、荷蘭及德意志的新教諸侯國組成，並得到英格蘭王國、俄國的支持。法國雖是天主教國家，但是在首相黎塞留樞機主教的主導下，對於世俗政治的考量勝過了神學觀念，為削弱歐洲大陸上的頭號競爭對手哈布斯堡王朝，毅然支持新教國家陣營。 戰爭導火線是1618年的波希米亞（即今捷克）人民反抗神聖羅馬帝國的民族及宗教起義，著名的布拉格擲窗事件（或稱扔出窗外事件）。而整場戰爭共分為4個階段，分別是波希米亞階段（1618年－1624年）、丹麥階段（1625年－1629年）、瑞典階段（1630年－1635年）及法國-瑞典階段（1636年－1648年），最後以哈布斯堡王朝集團戰敗，參戰各國於1648年簽訂《威斯特伐利亞和約》為止，共達三十年之久。

Wallenstein《華倫斯坦三部曲》 (1800年)
 is the popular designation for a trilogy of dramas by German author Friedrich Schiller. It consists of the plays Wallenstein's Camp (Wallensteins Lager), a lengthy prologue, The Piccolomini (Die Piccolomini), and Wallenstein's Death (Wallensteins Tod).

The plays' premieres occurred at the Weimarer Hoftheater (now the Deutsches Nationaltheater Weimar) from 1798 to 1799, in productions directed by Johann Wolfgang von Goethe:
The Capuchin's sermon in Wallenstein's Camp is based on the Discalced Augustinian Abraham a Sancta Clara's 1683 book, Auf, auf, ihr Christen. Schiller, who like Abraham was from Swabia, wrote to Goethe, "This Father Abraham is a man of wonderful originality, whom we must respect, and it would be an interesting, though not at all an easy, task to approach or surpass him in mad wit and cleverness."


《華倫斯坦三部曲首部：華倫斯坦的軍營》》 (1800年)
".....如果公雞一啼，他就會直打寒噤。"
"這點他和獅子相似。"*
*按，參考《伊索寓言‧獅子、普羅米修斯和大象》


"To suffer, to weep,
To enjoy, to be glad,"
~ "Prometheus" by Johann Wolfgang von Goethe.
“Dare to be wise! Energy and spirit is needed to overcome the obstacles which indolence of nature as well as cowardice of heart oppose to our instruction. It is not without significance that the old myth makes the goddess of Wisdom emerge fully armed from the head of Jupiter; for her very first function is warlike. Even in her birth she has to maintain a hard struggle with the senses, which do not want to be dragged from their sweet repose. “ (Friedrich Schiller)
2018.5. 漢清講堂  鍾漢清

2018.4.21 參加Sorman教授的新書《我為何成為美國公民》發表。 (結尾引  I. Berlin 的話，說，『我們只是我們這個時代的公民。』)

他舉出Flaubert的書信集和羅曼羅蘭的日記，都是傑作。
Sir Isaiah Berlin

訃告2018.5.10
在《歡樂頌》中離世：104歲科學家選擇安樂死
鄧映易譯《歡樂頌》
the ode "To Joy"(1785)
1785 席勒
貝多芬："Ode to Joy" is best known for its use by Ludwig van Beethoven in the final (fourth) movement of his Ninth Symphony, completed in 1824.

Die Horen (The Horae) 月刊，1795~97
Johann Jakob Engel, Fichte, Goethe, Herder, Alexander von Humboldt, Wilhelm von Humboldt, Friedrich Heinrich Jacobi, Johann Heinrich Meyer, August Wilhelm Schlegel, and Karl Ludwig von Woltmann1770~1817 歷史教授.



The Horae -- Goddesses of the Seasons and the Orderly Progression of Things
The hearers are children of Zeus and Themis. They are gods of the seasons and later of the hours of the day. The three daughters mean Eunomia (legalism), Dike (justice), and Eirene (peace).
goddesses of the seasons, the beautiful and the order. Well-guarded, they watch over the work of men and guard, as Homer reports in the Iliad, the heavenly gates by pushing away or pushing the dense clouds under the thunder of a thunder.

席勒從1793年夏天開始寫《審美教育書簡》，1795年發表在《季節女神》(Horen )上。
這些書簡為第一部現代審美批判的綱領性文獻。

原文網址：https://read01.com/J8xOPP.html


Die Propyläen
was a periodical begun in July 1798 by Johann Wolfgang von Goethe and his friend Johann Heinrich Meyer.

文哲三代 ：新生活觀、世界觀1700~1800 (W. 狄爾泰)
第一代：康德與萊辛
第二代：歌德、席勒、費希特
第三代：耶拿浪漫派和黑格爾、謝林

《Weimar-Jena 群英會 1795~1830》
Wilhelm von Humboldt (1767~1835 )洪堡特
  1789.12.24 與席勒相識
他在1830年 (席勒沒後25年)整理與席勒的通信出版，並寫了長篇論文：On Schiller and the Course of His Spiritual Development by Wilhelm von Humboldt 1830.      歌德剛出版的《義大利之旅》評論，探討歌德的藝術觀

洪堡特洪堡特《論人類語言結構的區別及其對人類精神發展的影響》姚小平譯，北京：商務，2002，譯序中〈與席勒、歌德的友誼〉，頁7~12： 進一步參考姚小平，《洪堡特：人文硏究和語言硏究》，北京：外語敎學與硏究出版社，1995
「每一個人，不管操什麼語言，都可以被看作是一種特殊世界觀的承擔者。世界觀本身的形成要通過語言這一手段才能實現...每種語言中都會有各自的世界觀。」

「每一個人，不管操什麼語言，都可以被看作是一種特殊世界觀的承擔者。世界觀本身的形成要通過語言這一手段才能實現...每種語言中都會有各自的世界觀。」


Johann Gottfried Herder 1744-1803
赫爾德
Of German Character and Art (with Goethe, manifesto of the Sturm und Drang) (1773)
 Herder moved there in 1776, where his outlook shifted again towards classicism.



維蘭德Christoph Martin Wieland 1733~1813，被譽為“魏瑪古典主義第一人”和“德國的伏爾泰”，與歌德、席勒、赫爾德並稱魏瑪古典主義四大奠基人，啟蒙運動時期的重要作家，詩人、批評家、哲學家、出版家和翻譯家。維蘭德一生創作了近70部作品。他首先將莎士比亞的22部劇本譯成德文，編為《莎士比亞戲劇集》。
在魏瑪期間，他創辦的德國啟蒙運動時期影響最大的文學雜誌《德意志信使》Der teutsche Merkur，在德國文化史上產生過深遠影響。
晚年的維蘭德傾心從事對古希臘、古羅馬文學翻譯，如阿里斯托芬、色諾芬、賀拉斯、盧奇安和西塞羅等人的作品。

Friedrich Gottlieb Klopstock(克洛卜施托克1724～1803) Goethe in his autobiography recorded his personal impression of Klopstock: "He was of small stature, but well built. His manners were grave and decorous, but free from pedantry. His address was intelligent and pleasing. On the whole, one might have taken him for a diplomatist. He carried himself with the self-conscious dignity of a person who has a great moral mission to fulfil. He conversed with facility on various subjects, but rather avoided speaking of poetry and literary matters."[2]
主要作品有《救世主》(1745～1773)和抒情詩《頌歌》(1747～1780)。其中《頌歌》對德國作曲影響深遠。還寫作劇本。

Not quite "Sturm and Drang" anymore - the Muses' Court at Weimar, 1805



"Live with your century but do not be its creature." 
1794   引席勒『審美教育書簡』(On the Aesthetic Education of Man in a Series of Letters), 1794

2018.4.21 參加Sorman教授的新書《我為何成為美國公民》發表。只要先看最後兩章 (結尾引  I. Berlin 的話，說，『我們只是我們這個時代的公民。』)，就可以確定新書是本傑作。

他舉出Flaubert的書信集和羅曼羅蘭的日記，都是傑作。

「你要同你的時代生活，但不要做它的寵兒；你獻給你同時代的人，應該是他們所需要的，而不是他們所讚美的。」
~~席勒《審美教育書簡 1795》第九封信

馮至譯，北京：中國文聯出版公司，1985 年。【台北：淑馨，1989】Ravelstein 2005 p.82


Weimar not only plays a role in the biographies of the three men named in the title. Alone Franz Liszt, the restless, whose real home Europe ...

讚

https://www.slideserve.com/iman/lecture-8-german-classicism-schiller-and-maria-stuart

Weimar's literary circles 遺珠
August von Kotzebue (1761 當地人；浪跡德俄– 1819) 柯策布 dramatist and writer：
1798 openly attacked the romantic style for which Goethe was known, his position in Weimar was uncomfortable.



Passion, specifically love, and political interest are present in all Schiller's plays, often to powerful theatrical effect.
Schiller's passion is for republican freedom, as against an oligarchical imperial system.
Schiller《論激情》重譯 Laocoön 拉奧孔的出處Virgil's Aeneid (ii, 109 et seq.)

Gotthold Ephraim Lessing 萊辛
1729- 81到胡適1935
 拉奧孔Laocoön : An Ess胡ay on the Limits of Painting and Poetry1766

The Diversity of the Arts
The Place of the Laocoön in the Life and Work of G. E. Lessing  (1729-1781)
By E. H. Gombrich, TRIBUTES, pp.28-49

G. E. Lessing (萊辛) 1766  的 Laocoön ，有朱光潛中譯【拉奧孔】，北京：人民文学/商務



G. E. Lessing 萊辛 1766  的Laocoön ，有朱光潛中譯【拉奧孔】，北京：商務，1976/2016
https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%8B%89%E5%A5%A5%E5%AD%94

r "Do not trust the Horse, Trojans / Whatever it is, I fear the Greeks even bearing gifts." This line is the source of the saying: "Beware of Greeks bearing gifts."


Laocoön and His Sons in the Vatican Museums
雕像《拉奧孔與兒子們》
Laocoön and his sons
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=C3cwGCezgSQ
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pergamon_Altar
米開蘭基羅？

7 - Goethe and the Weimar theatre
Goethe was Director of the Weimar Court Theatre from 1791 to 1817 and steered it from comparative insignificance to national importance, as a theatre where a repertoire of literary merit was combined with a style of playing predicated on a classical aesthetic. This style, in its decisive departure from the realistic tendencies of the contemporary German stage, aroused controversy and dissent, both in Goethe's day and after. Whether a rare flowering or a theatrical dead end, the Weimar theatre under Goethe, particularly during the years of collaboration with Schiller (1798-1805), was at the very least a highly significant experiment that raised the national level of debate about theatrical performance.

Goethe's major plays were not, on the whole, written with the stage in mind, nor did he take on the directorship of the theatre in order to put them on the stage, for they formed only a tiny part of the repertoire. His concern was, within the constraints imposed by the means at his disposal, to bring to audiences the great plays of world literature in a vivid yet elevated style and thus take German theatre out of its provinciality.
German theatrical life underwent huge changes in the course of the eighteenth century. For the first half the commercial theatre with dedicated buildings hardly existed. Theatrical life was divided between the courts and the non-aristocratic sector. The former was served largely by French theatre companies and Italian opera companies, and there was only limited access for members of the bourgeoisie.

From court theatre to the federal system - Goethe-Institut

Nationaltheater Mannheim (© Christian Kleiner), Deutsches Nationaltheater Weimar GmbH (© Thomas Müller), Nationaltheater at Max-Joseph-Platz, Munich (© Felix Löchner) | collage







Friedrich Schiller (1821-1880)
The Robbers: 1781:82 首演 Mannheim ；Mary Stuart: 1800；
Wallenstein: 1796~99；Don Carlos: 1785；
On the Naïve and Sentimental in Literature
~The Western Canon: The Books and School of the Ages is a 1994 book by Harold Bloom




Friedrich Schiller:


席勒： After the success of the play "The Robbers" (1781), devoted himself entirely to literature, and completed his tragedy "Intrigue and Love" (1783  中國最著名的戲劇《陰謀與愛情》取材自他的"經驗"。) and "Conspiracy of Fiesco" (1784). In Weimar, wrote a blank verse drama "Don Carlos" . He was a professor of history Jena University, wrote a "History of the Thirty Years' War" (1789). Schiller was the leading German playwright after the publication of his classic works "Wallenstein" (1796-1799 三部曲), "Mary Stuart" (1800), "The Maid of Orleans" (1801), "William Tell" (1804).
German playwright, poet and historian. Surgeon by training.

Max Klinger
 1857–1920)
Das Lied von der Glocke (design for bk cover)



p
en and ink over pencil on cardboard
34.3 x 24.9 cm. (13.5 x 9.8 in.)


例：(Herbert Simon translated into wretched English doggerel Schiller's Das Lied von Der Glocke. ( Models of My Life, p.9) Herbert A. Simon 還把席勒(Schiller)的詩《大鐘歌》翻譯成糟糕的英文打油詩。
"Vivos voco--Mortuos plango--Fulgura frango."
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=l4isfql_MaY  0:30

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Song_of_the_Bell





[44]  "I call the living--I mourn the dead--I break the lightning." These words are inscribed on the great bell of the Minster of Schaffhausen--also on that of the Church of Art near Lucerne. There was an old belief in Switzerland that the undulation of air caused by the sound of a bell, broke the electric fluid of a thunder-cloud.



歡樂就是堅強的發條，使永恆的自然循環不息。在世界的大鐘裡面，歡樂是推動齒輪的動力。 —— 席勒 《歡樂頌》

Slowly now the cords upheave her!       From her earth-grave soars the bell;      Mid the airs of heaven we leave her!       In the music-realm to dwell!         Up--upwards yet raise--         She has risen--she sways.    Fair bell to our city bode joy and increase,    And oh, may thy first sound be hallowed to peace! [47]
[47]  Written in the time of the French war.


Goethe wrote his epilogue to the "Song of the Bell" shortly after Schiller’s death in order to have it read by the actress Amalie Becker at the conclusion of a memorial celebration in the Lauchstädt Theater. After the three last acts of Maria Stuart, the "Song of the Bell" was recited with distributed roles.


 席勒傳：：或德國理想主義的發明
[德]薩弗蘭斯基   衛茂平 
人民文學出版社, 2010
Schiller o la invencion del idealismo
R. Safranski







Schiller’s Life: from early days at Stuttgart and Mannheim to the Classicist period at Jena and Weimar


Sturm und Drang - Schiller reading "Die Räuber"


ロマン主義の誕生―ノヴァーリス；The Blue Flower, By Penelope Fitzgerald

THE BLUE FLOWER, which won the National Book Critics Circle Award, revitalizes historical drama through the story of Novalis, an eighteenth-century German romantic poet and visionary genius, and his unlikely love affair with a simple child-woman.


歌德與席勒的悲劇、限制：
歌德：falls away from characterization into an exaltation of passion；
席勒：is rejected for having substituted violence for reality.

The Western Canon: The Books and School of the Ages is a 1994 book by Harold Bloom

 一尋找一個定義； 二 對啟蒙運動的首輪進攻 ；三 浪漫主義的真正父執 ；四 拘謹的真正父執； 五 奔放的浪漫主義；六 持久的影響
The Roots of Romanticism (recorded 1965),  浪漫主義的根源 譯林出版社 2008
-----
榮耀與丑聞：反思德國浪漫主義
 作者： (德)薩弗蘭斯基  出版社：上海人民出版社：2014
Chatto & Windus, 1999. Pimlico. 2013, Princeton University Press

伯林于《拘謹的浪漫主義者》（" The Restrained Romantics"）解釋哲學家康得、費希特（Johann Gottlieb Fichte）和劇作家、詩人、歷史學家席勒（Friedrich Schiller）。康得的道德哲學強調道德存在和意志自由，以對抗 外在的自然。學生席勒和費希特的堅持和宏揚。費希特尤爲突出，他強調：人是一種不斷活動的東西而不只是一個思索的存在。 　 費希特的知識論、法國大革命、歌德（Johann Wolfgang von Goethe）的著名小說《威廉．邁斯特》（Wilhelm Meister）。

伯林總結了浪漫主義運動中蘊含的兩種深刻內涵，
一爲自由意志的無限張揚，一爲否認事物有其固有本質（頁117）。
啓蒙運 動及其傳統歌頌和諧的自然，人是其中一個組成部分，浪漫主義則貶低自然，高揚意志自由；啓蒙運動及其傳統認爲宇宙萬物皆有一種既定構造，中規中矩，浪漫主 義則否認有這樣一種縝密的理性構造，張揚無限創造的活力和運動過程。




ROSSINI: William Tell Overture (full version 8:50)

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xoBE69wdSkQ

"Prometheus" is a poem by Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, in which the character of the mythic Prometheus addresses God (as Zeus) in misotheist accusation and defiance.

The poem was written between 1772 and 1774 and first published in 1789 after an anonymous and unauthorised publication in 1785 by Friedrich Heinrich Jacobi. It is an important work of the Sturm und Drang movement.

 Schiller’s Wilhelm Tell was staged in Weimar
under the direction of Johann Wolfgang Goethe on March 17, 1804.　錢春綺翻譯席勒的《威廉·退爾》
1956年7月出版了第一部譯作。台北桂冠



1829年《威廉·泰爾》在巴黎的佩萊蒂耶劇院首演。羅西尼創作的最後一部歌劇；擱筆並渡過了四十多年。《威廉·泰爾序曲》，以及歌劇尾聲的《瑞士士兵進行曲》（March of the Swiss Soldiers），如今經常被演奏。
史詩中描寫的「絕對的過去」，既是時間範疇 (最初的)，也是價值範疇(最好的)

"Of all people Schiller had to glorify this Swiss sniper"
During the 19th century, William Tell inspired many freedom fighters, e.g. in Italy and the Russian Empire.
Jose Rizal, the famous Philippine revolutionary nationalist and author, translated the drama into his native Tagalogin 1886,

Although Schiller’s play was frequently staged during the Nazi regime, it was banned from public performance in 1941.[1] Adolf Hitler, who had only narrowly escaped an assassination attempt by the young Swiss Maurice Bavaud (who was later dubbed the “New William Tell” by Rolf Hochhuth),

Flüelen harbor with light boats from the Lake Lucerne trade routes unloading, 1817  Tiny chapel on Lake Lucerne with frescoes depicting heroic scenes from the life of William Tell.
哥德自傳

Sir Thomas More: author of Utopia 烏托邦 was beheaded for refusing to recognize Henry VIII as head of the new Church of England; More was canonized 400 years later (1535)



canonization：列入聖品；列入聖人級；宣佈為聖；宣聖；列品：教宗隆重聲明某些足為教會楷模者已升天國，並應接受教會的尊敬、榮耀和讚譽。申 請列品案件首先將候選人之言行、著作、聲譽、奇蹟（殉道者免）等項目交由主教審斷，經調查屬實後，送交聖座，再經專案小組審查，最後由教宗做裁決，宣佈其 為「真福」，可供某地區或某團體敬禮及慶賀。接著可更上一層樓，將此真福者案件送交聖座重新審查，經審查合格（非殉道者需要兩個奇蹟）後，經教宗裁決可宣 佈此真福為「聖人」，可供全球教會敬禮及慶祝。1983年2月7日教宗若望保祿二世頒佈了新的宣聖宗座憲令，聖部法令亦於同日頒佈。參閱 beatification。

東海大學企管系系友會第五屆第二次會員大會，將於7/8(日)召開， 特邀前法國特任大使呂慶龍先生擔任「陳勝年教授紀念講座」主講人， 為我們講述「全球化新 ...



企業診斷實務- 陳勝年 - Google Books
https://books.google.com › about
Author, 陳勝年. Edition, 6. Publisher, 中興管理顧問公司, 1982. Original from, the University of Michigan. Digitized, Oct 27, 2006. Length, 232 pages.



經營策略的設計- 陳勝年 - Google Books
https://books.google.com › about

中興管理顧問公司發行, 1980 - Business planning - 122 pages. 0 Reviews. From inside the book. What people are saying - Write a review.


新産品計劃- 陳勝年 - Google Books
https://books.google.com › about

Author, 陳勝年. Edition, 6. Publisher, 中興管理顧問公司, 1982. Original from, the University of Michigan. Digitized, Nov 2, 2006. Length, 296 pages.

廣告企劃  朝陽堂  楊朝陽博士著

（2021-04-15）台灣廣告科學化最重要的推手楊朝陽博士於2021年4月7日辭世。

原文網址: 動腦新聞 https://www.brain.com.tw/news/articlecontent?ID=49765#eqTPgaQn

How the English Language Conquered the World Rosemary Salomone’s “The Rise of English” looks at the economic, social and cultural impact of English around the world. By Amy Chua

1240-page dictionary uses Googled images instead of words msnbc.com It may not be the best use of paper, but this unique dictionary certainly is an interesting crossover of the digital with the analog. Two London designers, Ben West and Felix Heyes, decided to create a dictionary that has, instead of 21000 words you'd ... See all stories on this topic »

Google Dictionary Features Image Search Result For Every Word Huffington Post The Google dictionary is no mere picture book, even though it's composed entirely of photos from Google image search. London-based artists Heyes and West crafted the image dictionary from webpage code that pulled the images from the Internet and laid ... See all stories on this topic »

US FDA checks dictionary on corn syrup vs sugar MSN Money "FDA's approach is consistent with the common understanding of sugar and syrup as referenced in a dictionary," the agency said in a letter posted on its website late on Wednesday. The United States is the biggest consumer and manufacturer of ... See all stories on this topic »

Google Images Define Words in New Dictionary Search Engine Watch A new image-based dictionary bearing Google's name is a bit different and operates on the idea that a picture is worth a thousand words, replacing every definition with the first image that showed up in a Google Images search for that name. See all stories on this topic »

D&O Dictionary Helps Risk Managers Unravel the Terms of Executive Liability PropertyCasualty360 By Anya Khalamayzer, PropertyCasualty360.com Lexicon-laden insurance professionals rejoice: Insurance broker Willis North America has updated its comprehensive dictionary of terms related to D&O Liability. The free, downloadable glossary now defines ... See all stories on this topic » PropertyCasualty360

Google dictionary: Artists illustrate every word in the Oxford dictionary... Toronto Star Stephanie Findlay Staff Reporter Artists have created a dictionary of Google images, calling it a “visual bookmark of our time.” In the book, every word in the Oxford dictionary— over 20000 of them — has been substituted with the first image that ... See all stories on this topic » Toronto Star

Google Image-based visual dictionary gathers the top results into a book, so ... Digitaltrends.com Part art project, part observation of modern culture, a pair of artists have taken the top Google Image results for each word in a simple dictionary, then gathered them together in a book. This is “Google,” a book made by a pair of artists from the UK, ... See all stories on this topic » Digitaltrends.com

Dictionary Uses Only Google Images Bangstyle If you had looked up the word “Google” in the dictionary fifteen years ago, you'd have never found it. That's because it didn't really exist, at least not with its current definition until it became the number one search engine across the world. See all stories on this topic » Bangstyle

UK artists compile Google dictionary Zee News London: London-based artists have taken the typical 21000 words found in an average dictionary, and then searched every one through Google Images to give an “unfiltered, uncritical record” of human culture in 2012. Heyes and West threw whatever the ... See all stories on this topic » Zee News

What's in a Google dictionary? Porn and cartoons Hamilton Spectator OLD SCHOOL GOOGLE The Google Dictionary, which replaces every word in the Oxford dictionary with the first image that comes up in a Google search. Artists have created a dictionary of Google images, calling it a “visual bookmark of our time. See all stories on this topic »

1,240-page dictionary uses Googled images instead of words

It may not be the best use of paper, but this unique dictionary certainly is an interesting crossover of the digital with the analog. Two London designers, Ben West and Felix Heyes, decided to create a dictionary that has, instead of 21,000 words you'd normally find inside a common desk dictionary, the first image that shows up when you Google those words.
The result is "Google," an enormous 1,240-page book with every word represented by an image and printed out in order. The two did it by running some scripts that would automatically search for a word, download the first image, and place it in the book's layout. They then printed that out as the hardcover edition you see, complete with marbled cover and thumb indentations for each letter.
Theoretically, it could be done again and again with different images coming up as the Google results shift — but considering the copyright implications (they didn't ask the image owners or Google for permission) and the amount of work involved in exporting and binding the pages, it's unlikely the book will ever see more than a limited release.
And since they didn't edit the results for relevance or appropriateness, it's a bit of a mixed bag content-wise. West tells Creative Applications: "I would estimate about half of the book is revolting medical photos, porn, racism or bad cartoons." So perhaps not a good candidate for your coffee table.
Take a peek inside the book in this video, and visit the creators' sites for more information.
Devin Coldewey is a contributing writer for msnbc.com. His personal website is coldewey.cc.


本周的一些英文辭典簡介

'Kid Dictionary': Morris Township dad pens helpful book The Star-Ledger - NJ.com By Kathleen O'Brien/The Star-Ledger Aristide Economopoulos/The Star-LedgerThe cover of the book "The Kid Dictionary." Author Eric Ruhalter's a dad of three who found a need to invent words to describe the travails of parenthood. See all stories on this topic » The Star-Ledger - NJ.com

Recommended: What exactly is 'Hand Shredded A$$ Meat'? A new dictionary for ... msnbc.com (blog) A new dictionary for Chinese restaurants may tell you "Hand Shredded Ass Meat" is an unusual translation of an item at a Beijing noodle restaurant NBC's Bo Gu saw recently. By Bo Gu, NBC News BEIJING – Overseas tourists often find the menus here ... See all stories on this topic » msnbc.com (blog)

New from Babylon; English-Czech and English-Polish Dictionaries in a single click MarketWatch (press release) NEW YORK, April 19, 2012 /PRNewswire via COMTEX/ -- Babylon.com, the world's leading provider of language solutions, such as the most popular dictionary and translation software announced today the release of new English-Czech and English-Polish ... See all stories on this topic »

Slang from new dictionary is downright narsty Minneapolis Star Tribune When we last saw a new Urban Dictionary, the cheeky guide to street slang, compiler Aaron Peckham was defining "ridonkulous" and "hella." Five years later, there's a new edition, the third since 2005. How has the language evolved? See all stories on this topic »

What exactly is 'Hand Shredded A$$ Meat'? A new dictionary for Chinese ... msnbc.com With few English speakers, restaurants usually translate their menus word by word directly from an English-Chinese dictionary. Or they just Google the Chinese characters. A photo that made the rounds online a few years ago got a chuckle from a lot of ... See all stories on this topic » msnbc.com

For Japanese Linguist, A Long And Lonely Schlep NPR by Lucy Craft Japanese linguist Kazuo Ueda (left) worked 20 years on a 1300-page, 28000-entry Idishugo Jiten, or Yiddish-Japanese dictionary. He is shown here with his wife, Kazuko, at their home in Kyushu, Japan. Japanese linguist Kazuo Ueda (left) ... See all stories on this topic »

'Urban Dictionary' print edition provides fresh look at English language Oklahoma Daily by Mariah Webb | April 17, 2012 | 0 comments Aaron Peckham started UrbanDictionary.com in 1999 as a parody dictionary; a user-submitted way of defining modern jargon and slang. Since that time, the website has grown way past a satirical website and ... See all stories on this topic »

11 Funny Words From The Dictionary of American Regional English Huffington Post (blog) My heart beats equally fast for the Dictionary of American Regional English, which recently published its long-awaited final volume. I wrote about euphemisms from DARE - which documents terms from every nook and cranny of the US -- in my Evasive ... See all stories on this topic »

A tale of dictionaries and cosmetics China Daily I told him, "If I have the opportunity to come to Pyongyang again, I will get you some perfume or cosmetics as a gift for your girlfriend". "No, thanks," he replied. "Can you bring me the latest edition of a Chinese dictionary, instead? See all stories on this topic » China Daily

FIFTH edition of ever-popular Australian Nurses'Dictionary published by Elsevier PR Web (press release) Elsevier Australia has released a newly-updated fifth edition of the 'Australian Nurses'Dictionary', the only pocket-sized dictionary specifically for nurses in Australia and New Zealand. This new edition features 5500 AZ entries covering the ... See all stories on this topic »

http://www.thetimes.co.uk/tto/news/

《泰晤士報》（英語：The Times），英國的一份於全國發行的綜合型日報，是一張對全球政治、經濟、文化發揮巨大影響力的報紙。昔譯《太晤士報》。

《泰晤士報》隸屬於魯珀特·梅鐸的新聞集團。長期以來，《泰晤士報》一直被視為英國的第一主流大報，被譽為「英國社會的忠實記錄者」。《泰晤士報》在英國國內政治和國際關係問題上扮演了針砭時勢的角色。在被梅鐸收購後，《泰晤士報》風格漸趨保守。

English公視午間 新聞的品質堪慮 它報導此則新聞 卻多用了CNN的名記者之照片 誤導我去查證 敘利亞炸死2記者 殘忍政府軍 轟火箭彈窮追不捨 2012年 02月23日 【陳家齊╱綜合外電報導】敘利亞政府持續血腥鎮壓反抗勢力，昨天再度砲轟反對派掌握的城市荷姆斯，至少19人喪生。罹難者中包括兩名西方記者，其中之一是知名的獨眼戰地記者瑪麗柯文（Marie Colvin）。 http://www.thetimes.co.uk/tto/news/

Journalist pays price of truth with her life

這本書的翻譯品質可能堪慮，以"諾．葛寶(Naum Gabo) "為例

"體育學校畢業後"這是德國的"大學預科" gymnasium=2 ギムナジウム：ドイツの大学進学のための古典語教育を主とする中等学校.

還有諸如"有關藝術史的文學作品"等用法

Moholy-Nagy 的遺書書名也很怪
Experiment in Totality by Sibyl Moholy-Nag y拉茲洛·莫霍...

2020瘟疫期間，義大利生民塗炭，慘不忍睹。我翻的書是 Encyclopaedia of the Italian Renaissance.
插圖很好，只是太小點。現在才知道 Presentation drawing 是20世紀文藝復興學學者創的。

The Complete Louvre Part 4: International Gothic and Early Renaissance

Jacob Burckhardt: The Renaissance revisited | Culture | The Guardian

我讀過的台灣翻譯本藏身 有空再記.
Jacob Burckhardt著《意大利文藝復興時代的文化》何新據英文版翻譯，   北京:商務，1978?




Jacob Burckhardt著，花亦芬譯注，《義大利文藝復興時代的文化：一本嘗試之作》。臺北：聯經出版公司（國科會經典譯注計畫第24本），2007年（目前再版中）。(HC案: 此書之前，臺灣已有二種翻譯版本； 中國一種?)

在史學史方面，我的研究始於譯註瑞士史家 Jacob Burckhardt（1818-1897）的經典名著《義大利文藝復興時代的文化：一本嘗試之作》（Die Kultur der Renaissance in Italien: Ein Versuch. 第一版：1860年；第二版：1869年）。這本高難度的鉅著帶領我走進19世紀德意志史學書寫的世界（圖6，7），也讓我深入接觸到 Burckhardt 對他在柏林大學求學時的老師Leopold von Ranke 史學思想的反思與超越。這兩位思想迥異的德語系史學家可說是構築了歐洲19世紀史學兩個高峰。有趣的是，兩位都是牧師之子，在大學研讀歷史學之前，也都先 讀過神學。換言之，要瞭解他們之所以走上不同的歷史思維之路，必須先瞭解他們對基督信仰文化的認知，以便能進一步討論，他們對宗教信仰的看法如何影響到他 們對歷史學研究本質的思考。

 
花亦芬老師譯注《義大利文藝復興時代的文化：一本嘗試之作》修訂二版

• Jacob Burckhardt著，花亦芬譯注
• 臺北市：聯經，2013年2月修訂二版，692頁，ISBN 978-957-08-3093-4。
• 《義大利文藝復興時代的文化》是歐洲文藝復興研究真正的奠基之作，也是開啟現代文化史研究寬闊視野最重要的史學名著。雖然本書出版至今已近一百五十年，仍是進入歐洲文化史與文藝復興史堂奧最經典的鉅作。布氏從人之所以為人的角度，以及亂世中人性欲求無端氾濫的真實面，重新思考「權力」、「文化」與「信仰行為」的本質，相當鮮明地點出義大利文藝復興文化不是政治黃金時代的產物，而是在無止盡政治動盪裡，由具有高度創造力的文化菁英，與深切了解文化藝術重要性的有識之士合作打造出來的文化高峰。過去華文世界雖已有本書譯本，但都是從其他外文轉譯而來，本譯注是第一本真正從原文（德文）翻譯過來的中譯本。本中譯本不僅譯文流暢，對原書文意 掌握相當精確，譯注者也付出許多心力注解說明，幫助讀者更容易掌握布克哈特思想的精髓。譯注者所寫的導讀〈寫給故鄉的書〉文筆、內容均引人入勝，又深具學術價值，特別值得推薦。

 

While watching Universal Pictures’ recent thriller “The 355,” Erich Schwartzel picked up on something that most viewers likely missed.

There is a scene -- a big shootout at the end -- that takes place in Shanghai. Just as the camera pans out, the Chinese police run in to restore order. “They need a moment where they show we’re here, you’re safe,” Schwartzel says. “The state has things completely under control.”

Schwartzel reports on the entertainment business for the Wall Street Journal, and has been writing about Hollywood’s relationship with China for the past several years. Schwartzel’s coverage has revealed how studios tailored their movies to please the Chinese government, and how Chinese companies hired some entertainment veterans to build up their own operations.

This exchange was mutually beneficial for a couple years, as U.S. blockbusters started making big money in China, while China became  the fastest-growing film market in the world. But it didn’t take long for Hollywood’s self-censorship and pandering to look foolish. Hollywood’s share of Chinese ticket sales have plummeted in recent years, and now most studios are struggling to get a movie on the calendar.

The timing couldn’t be better for Schwartzel’s first book, “Red Carpet,” an exploration of Sino-Hollywood relations over the past 20 years. I spoke with him this past week about the book, recent tension in the relationship and his own reporting in the country.

When did Hollywood wake up to China’s potential as a movie market?

Around 2012-2013. Before that there were a couple moments that were wake-up calls, one of which was Avatar in 2009. When that made more than $200 million, that was a holy shi*t moment. In 2012, you had “Red Dawn” where a finished movie was changed because of China.

The next year 2013 is when you started to see some of the strategy take shape -- casting Li Bingbing in a movie or Chinese product placement.

How open was the Chinese market to Hollywood movies?

After 2012 it was pretty open because that was when the quota we renegotiated. China started allowing in 34 a year. That meant almost everyone got their biggest movies in.

It was obvious early on that China would censor movies. Did Hollywood not care, or did executives believe China would eventually loosen its restrictions?

A lot of times it was out of sight, out of mind. I would talk to executives who’d tell me things like… “We censor for all kinds of countries. We censor for airplanes. It’s something Hollywood has to do.”

The U.S. and China weren’t locked into this large macro rivalry. Censoring movies for economic reasons didn’t feel as political as it does today.

Were those arguments reasonable, or did China ask for more significant changes ?

China has a demand that other foreign markets don’t -- the ability to change movies elsewhere. China often requires Hollywood to change how movies are shown around the world. The examples in the 1990s are illuminating. None of those movies would be shown in China anyways. And yet China early on identified the power of Hollywood movies.

You write in your book about the many ideas that are obviously taboo, and then others that fall into a grey area. What are examples of both?

The really obviously off-limit stuff is portrayals of Chinese history that they don’t want to see. One of the reasons those Dalai Lama movies in the 1990s were so problematic is they were about Mao’s persecution of Tibet. It wasn’t just that they didn’t like valorization of the Dalai Lama but the stories required examination of a history that China doesn’t want to see on screen. 

But then there are all these other murky topics and themes. There are so many rules that are said to be rules, and then China will make some exception. For the longest time there was a rule that time travel was not allowed. Then a Chinese movie released last year about a time traveling woman grossed like $900 million. No one can quite explain that.

What were the most egregious cases of altering a movie to please Chinese censors?

The ultimate case study was “Transformers: Age of Extinction.” This wasn’t in the book, but Paramount back then had a Chinese reality show competition where they cast four roles in the film. There is some very surreal YouTube footage of Megan Colligan judging this competition over in China. One-third of the movie is set in China or Hong Kong. It worked out quite well. It made more in China than it did in any other market.

Why is it a bad thing that Hollywood has altered its movies to gain entrance into China?

Making these concessions goes against the free expression Hollywood stands for. It also challenges this idea we’ve had since World War I that Hollywood would be the best advertisement for America possible. As China tries to export its movies and TV shows, it’s worth considering the values those will carry.

How would you assess the current quality of films made in China?

It’s certainly gotten more commercial. Within China, the audiences have responded to the country’s success with commercializing propaganda films and actually making pro-China narratives that are entertaining and fun to watch.

When I went to Kenya for the book, China still felt the need to pay to close the gap in appeal with American movies. A lot of villages in Kenya speak local languages; there are too few people to dub English language films into local dialects. Studios don’t see a purpose, so they subtitle. China stomachs the cost and will pay for that dubbing.

China wanted Hollywood to enter China in part so it could get its citizens to go to the movies. Why did China care if people went to the movies?

You go back to Mao and his thesis that all art should serve the state. That also explains why still to this day so much of Chinese movies is about messaging.

But then as China grew more capitalist it became an economic thing. All these cities were being built. All this development was being built. Movie theaters were begin constructed. They needed people to show up and buy tickets. American movies in the 1990s helped goose ticket sales for theaters that had to support broader real estate investments.

One of the big characters in your book, and of modern Hollywood, is Wang Jianlin, the long-time head of Dalian Wanda. How did he become the biggest player in the Chinese movie business?

Riding the wave of the Chinese middle class and building shopping malls to serve them. If you are in the business of shopping malls and living in a country with the largest internal migration to cities in human history, and what will soon became the world’s largest middle class, shopping malls are a good business.

A little under a decade ago, we saw this flood of money come into Hollywood. Which of those deals was the biggest head scratcher?

When the copper processing plant Xinke announced it was going to buy Voltage Pictures. They said at the time it was to guard against the softening of commodity prices. But Voltage was only known for “The Hurt Locker” and “Dallas Buyers Club” -- not movies Chinese audiences would embrace.

That, along with some of Wang Jianlin’s grandiosity, was what made Chinese leaders say we have to tap the brakes. This is clearly not about diversifying into a good revenue stream. It’s about getting money out of China.

If you are a Chinese entrepreneur and you see the collapse of Wanda, why do you even get involved in movies?

It’s such a balancing act. If you run a film studio, it’s fine to make commercial movies. But you better make patriotic films as well. If you look at the filmography of China’s biggest and top-ranked movie stars, they often have this well-calibrated balance between commerce and a party anniversary film.

China made a bet that its people wouldn’t care about repression or censorship if quality of life improved. It also bet that western movie studios would subject themselves to censorship if they got access to the market. It seems it was right on both counts. Did China get anything wrong?

No. I kinda feel like everything went almost according to plan.

When did you become interested in Hollywood’s relationship with China?

Right after I got the job covering Hollywood. I had to prepare a beat memo when I was applying for it. The first thing I said we should cover is China and China’s influence. I got interested in it around 2014. when I realized there was a political motivation behind a lot of this financing. It was not just dumb money.

Were Chinese executives wary of speaking with you?

Not as wary as you would think. There’s a real sense of pride in what China has pulled off.

What would it take for companies to stand up to China?

The companies are really out of step with public opinion. Public polling and political winds are shifting in a different direction than Western companies. Hollywood thinks it can duck and cover, but the thing that would really change the dynamic is if the shutting off to Hollywood movies keeps up. If it keeps up, there is no economic incentive to work with China.

What is the reason for the shut off?

It feels like one of final steps in China’s playbook with a lot of foreign partnerships – a replication and then replacement. That’s been happening for the past several years. But this past year has been particularly difficult and it’s hard to say why. China is turning inward.

Do Chinese executives feel like they don’t need Hollywood product anymore?

If you are running a theater in Beijing, you still want the Hollywood product. I’d be curious to see what is happening in terms of piracy for these movies. Are people finding other ways to see them? When the next Marvel movie gets into China, will this drought of release result in depressed enthusiasm for the overall franchise?  — Lucas Shaw

The best of Screentime (and other stuff)

• 100 Million Americans Can Legally Bet on the Super Bowl. Sports Will Never Be the Same.

  Peter Robison and Ira Boudway examine how the NFL embraced gambling over the past decade.

• Joe Rogan’s Show May Be Dumb. But Is It Actually Deadly?

  "Misinformation matters: It distracts, depresses, and divides us. But that’s not the same as saying that it’s the thing killing us in droves," writes Daniel Engber.

• The Tennis Heartbreak of Juan Martin Del Potro

  Jason Gay writes about every tennis player’s favorite tennis player.

• The Loan Shark Trump Freed From Prison Is Lending Money Again

  I’ve said it once, I will say it again: Read Zeke Faux.

• A Few Words With One of Hollywood's Best Lawyers

  Nina Shaw discusses how streaming has affected her clients, the value of talent and diversity.

Disney avoids Netflix’s Wall Street problem

Disney+ ended 2021 by adding almost 12 million subscribers in the final three months, bringing its global total to 129 million. Those figures are well above what financial analysts had expected, and a sign that Wall Street’s great streaming freakout of a couple weeks ago was rash.

Netflix reported growth in line with forecasts. Disney+ reported numbers above forecasts. So did HBO Max, and so will Paramount+.

Now the reason Netflix stock tanked, dragging many others with it, was its forecast (and general commentary). The company said its growth has slowed, and it’s not sure why or how long that will last. That suggests to many skeptics that there is a cap on how big Netflix can get, and that all the competition is starting to have an effect.

Disney intimated it’s also going to slow down in the first half of the year. But it communicated this in a way that didn’t upset Wall Street. It didn’t forecast a number. It just slipped a comment about it in its call with analysts, and then said growth would accelerate in the second half.

The industry may be entering a new phase where growth is slower. But the five biggest streaming services added more than 100 million customers combined last year. 

The most popular TV show in the world is…

The Super Bowl will be the most-watched broadcast of the year in the U.S., and should outdraw the Olympics worldwide. I am sending this out right before the game starts, so sharing some odds and ends that have nothing to do with the result:

• The Rams have more than quintupled in value since Stan Kroenke bought them in 2010. A Super Bowl title would only help matters.
• Three different crypto companies bought ads during the game, the latest sign of their efforts to reach the mainstream.
• Serena Williams will appear in an ad for Tonal, in which she is also an investor. Williams’ portfolio includes at least three companies worth $1 billion.

Comedians want streaming services to pay up

The estates of George Carlin and Robin Williams sued Pandora for copyright infringement this week, and accused the online radio service of stealing their work for years.

Comedians get paid for the recording of their comedy, but they don’t get paid a separate royalty for the written word. Musicians get paid as a recording artist and a songwriter, though covers of songs are more common than covers of jokes.

This is an interesting legal strategy, and one playing out across the industry right now. Spotify has taken down the works of some comedians who are asking for a similar royalty.

Netflix leads the Oscar nominations

This could be the year Netflix finally wins the Oscar for Best Picture. Jane Campion’s “Power of the Dog” earned the most nominations of any movie, and Netflix earned the most nominations of any company.“The Power of the Dog” has the best odds of any movie on the website GoldDerby, and it’s really not clear what other movie is its biggest rival.

Campion is the only women nominated for best director, but the we are seeing progress on equality behind the camera, according to Amy Yee. The percentage of women directing top-grossing movies reached an all-time high of 15% in 2020. (It slipped to 13% last year.)

Deals, deals, deals

Byron Allen, a stand-up comedian turned entertainment mogul, said he’s going to bid to buy the Denver Broncos. The team is expected to fetch more than $4 billion on the open market.

Allen says NFL commissioner Roger Goodell approached him a couple of years ago about buying a team, and the league could sure use its first Black owner. Allen doesn’t have that kind of money, but he knows people who do.

• Snoop Dogg acquired Death Row Records, the label that released his earliest albums.
• Sting sold his publishing catalog to Universal Music Group for about $300 million.
• The U.S. government blessed Discovery’s merger with WarnerMedia, and the deal should close in the next couple months.
• Moonbug thinks it has found the next CoComelon.
• Brene Brown said she would go back to recording her podcast, ending one of the most high-profile boycotts in this latest Joe Rogan controversy.

**

Wijipedia Red Dawn

British Museum

Galileo Galilei was born ‪#‎onthisday‬ in 1564. Here’s a portrait from the collection http://ow.ly/IyO31

伽利略傳 B.布萊希特著


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galileo_Galilei

著作[編輯]

• 伽利略衛星；
• 月球表面粗糙的地理地質；
• 存在有大量肉眼看不到的天體，它們組成了銀河系；
• 行星與恆星外表的不同——前者看上去像是小圓盤，後者則類似小光點。

伽利略出版的主要作品[編輯]

• 《小天平》（1586）
• 《運動論》（1590）^[213]
• 《力學》（ca. 1600）
• 《地理軍事兩用圓規使用指南》（1606）
• 《星際信使》（1610;義大利文Sidereus Nuncius）
• 《流體力學》（1612）
• 《論太陽黑子》（1613）
• 《致大侯爵夫人克里斯蒂娜》（1615; 1636年出版）
• 《論潮汐》（1616;義大利文Discorso del flusso e reflusso del mare）
• 《論彗星》（1619;義大利文Discorso Delle Comete）
• 《試金者》（1623;義大利文Il Saggiatore）
• 《關於托勒密和哥白尼兩大世界體系的對話》（1632;義大利文Dialogo dei due massimi sistemi del mondo）
• 《論兩種新科學及其數學演化》（1638;義大利文Discorsi e Dimostrazioni Matematiche, intorno a due nuove scienze）

Greek Fire by Nicholas Gage（2000）
《一點點希臘式瘋狂》 胡湧等譯，北京：作家出版社，2003

Wikipedia article "Greek fire". 武器

船王歐那西斯和女高音卡拉斯愛情奇遇的故事。書中人物多我們熟知的古希臘人名。希臘人的宗教和價值觀、婚姻法-遺產法，家族的內與外。
柏拉圖《會飲篇》：「因為人性同一，我們本為一體，而結合的願望和追求就叫做愛情。」 那些「痛苦的夏天」、愛情-交易-生意-權利交織的「蜜月」（與賈姬）。
希臘人性格的兩關鍵字眼：philoxenia （對陌生人的喜愛，好客）；philotimo（自豪、榮譽、自尊）。兩者密不可分。

p.220:

"Two cornerstones of the Greek character are expressed by the words philoxenia and philotimo. Philoxenia means "hospitality," but the literal translation is "love of strangers." A Greek, whether rich or poor"

從最後一章看起吧，從死亡出發，才了解到「火和化」的意義。

---

商品の詳細

• ペーパーバック: 384ページ
• 出版社: Pan Books; New Ed版 (2001/7/6)
• 言語英語, 英語, 英語
• ISBN-10: 0330484443
• ISBN-13: 978-0330484442
• 発売日： 2001/7/6

Review

March 16, 2018

• Paperback: 568 pages
• Publisher: The MIT Press; First Edition edition (June 17, 1982)
• Language: English
• ISBN-10: 026258056X

 日本史探訪 18  海を渡った日本人 (角川文庫) 安岡章次郎





この画像を表示


日本史探訪〈18〉海を渡った日本人 (角川文庫) 文庫 – 1985/4/1



影片


9:46

The Nude: A Study in Ideal Form: Kenneth Clark (1956) ：《人體藝術論》四川美術出版社重譯本(1990) 的消失插圖

Nakahama Manjirō (中濱 万次郎, January 27, 1827 – November 12, 1898), also known as John Manjirō (or John Mung),^[1] was one of the first Japanese people to visit the United States and an important translator during the Opening of Japan.^[2]

離奇的遭遇

中濱萬次郎（約翰萬次郎）像

大家都知道，容閎是中國第一個留學生，1847年到美國留學。

他當然不會知道，就在幾個月前有一個日本人剛剛從美國的學校畢業。他就是僅大容閎一歲的約翰萬次郎。不過他當初來美國不是為了留學，只是一場漂流的結果。

萬次郎，1827年生於土佐藩（現高知縣）中濱村的一個貧窮漁民家。明治維新以前一般百姓是沒有姓的，後來發達後他以出生的村名，起姓「中濱」，故名中濱萬次郎。後世作家井伏鱒二寫了《約翰萬次郎漂流記》，使他名揚天下，約翰萬次郎又成了他的通稱。這是後話，先講他的奇遇吧。

1841年，14歲的萬次郎跟著他的四個同伴（他們是四兄弟）出海打魚，不料遭遇暴風雨，漁船在海上漂流了5天後，飄到了太平洋的一個無人小島。他們在島上生活了近5個月後，碰巧美國捕鯨船約翰豪蘭德（John Howland）號的船員來島上撿海龜蛋，救助了他們。當時的日本正處於鎖國令之下，凡於外國人有接觸或擅自出海者皆有可能被砍頭。幾人不敢回國，便搭上捕鯨船隨行。

在美國的經歷

船回美國時，四兄弟在夏威夷下了船，而萬次郎更願意隨船去美國。他曾看過世界地圖，驚訝日本如此之小，對美國充滿了好奇。船長霍伊特菲爾德（William Whitfield）也喜歡萬次郎的聰明伶俐，便把他帶到了美國。

後來霍伊特菲爾德將其收為義子。1843年，16歲的萬次郎入學麻薩諸塞州（Commonwealth of Massachusetts）的牛津學校，學習英語、數學、測量、航海學、造船術等。據美國同學回憶，他十分用功，考試總是第一名。1846年以優異成績畢業後，他去了一艘捕鯨船擔任魚叉手、副船長。捕鯨數年，最後掙得$350。為了籌款回國，1850年他又去西部淘金，數月得$600。帶著這筆錢，他去夏威夷會同當初的夥伴，購船出洋回國，四兄弟中一人病故，一人怕砍頭不敢回日本，只有兩人與他同行。

歸國

1851年，24歲的萬次郎到達琉球。一行被當地的番所（邊防部門）拘捕盤查。後又經薩摩藩（當地政府）、長崎奉行所（中央派駐機構）、土佐藩（出生地政府）等多個部門審訊一年多後，終於獲釋。不過，在拘留期間他並沒受多少苦，薩摩藩藩主島津齊彬甚至待他如貴賓，向他一一詢問海外的事情。

離鄉11年後，萬次郎總算能夠回家與母親會面了。土佐藩還賜予他武士身分，任命他為藩校的教授。

1853年，美國海軍提督培理（Matthew Perry）率艦隊駛入江戶灣，威逼日本對外開放。史稱「黑船來襲」。幕府急召萬次郎到江戶，賜予「旗本」身分，任命他為軍艦教授所教授。幕府本來想讓他參加與培理的談判，但一部分人說他是美國的間諜，所以他只能在幕後出出主意，主要還是在教授所教造船、測量、航海等技術以及英文，同時幫助幕府購置船艦。這一段時期，他編寫和翻譯了一些英語教材和航海術方面的書。

參加訪美使節團

1860年，幕府派出使節團赴美交換《日美修好通商條約》，萬次郎作為團員隨行。使節團乘日本最早的軍艦咸臨丸橫渡太平洋，標誌著鎖國時代的結束。船長雖是勝海舟，但因為日本船員缺乏遠洋經驗，實際上是萬次郎負責了指揮。到美國後，又作為翻譯參加了使節團的各種活動，還介紹福澤諭吉買了韋伯斯特大詞典（Websters Universal Dictionary）。

回國後，萬次郎生活變化多端，輾轉在江戶、土佐藩、薩摩藩等地教授學生，還曾經帶船出海捕鯨。

1869年，他被明治政府任命為開成學校（現東京大學）的英語教授。1870年，他又隨團前往歐洲視察普法戰爭，經美國回國途中拜見了義父霍伊特菲爾德。回國後一直從事教育事業，直到1898年去世，終年72歲。

歷史人物

萬次郎本是一個目不識丁的漁家孩子，一場奇遇改變了他的人生，使他成為了一位歷史人物。

因為不是武士出身，幼年沒受過傳統的日式教育，還有海外背景，所以一直受到頑固勢力的排擠，沒有受到高層的重用。再加上性格因素，他並沒有活躍在政治舞臺。

但他對日本終結鎖國令和後來的明治維新都做出了直接和間接的巨大貢獻。在動蕩的幕府末期，國門初開，幕末志士和知識階層都如飢似渴地吸收著西洋知識。萬次郎介紹的美國情況，使他們大開眼界。

坂本龍馬就是受其影響產生了新的世界觀，後來提出了船中八策。福澤諭吉和勝海舟也從他身上有所獲益。明治時期政界和商界的大人物，後藤象二郎、岩崎彌太郎、大島圭介、箕作麟祥、細川潤次郎等人皆出自他的門下。

約翰萬次郎傳奇一生-陳新炎

English translation[edit]

The Inhuman Land is the first work of Czapski's translated into English and was published in London in 1951. Because it is a first-hand account of contemporaneous negotiations with the Soviets over the missing Polish officers it became an important document until Russian guilt for the massacres was acknowledged. In the post-war period Czapski was also among the eyewitnesses of the situation of Polish prisoners in Soviet captivity and testified on the matter before the United States Congress.^[8]

His Lost Time: Lectures on Proust in a Soviet Prison Camp was translated into English in 2018.^[9]

Józef Czapski 約瑟夫·查普斯基



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Józef Czapski

Czapski in uniform, January 1943
Born 3 April 1896

Prague, Austria-Hungary
Died 12 January 1993 (aged 96)

Maisons-Laffitte, France
Nationality Polish
Occupation artist, writer, critic
Known for co-creating Kultura monthly, survivorship and eyewitness testament of the Katyn massacre

Notable work The Inhuman Land,
Lost Time: Lectures on Proust in a Soviet Prison Camp


Józef Czapski (3 April 1896 – 12 January 1993) was a Polish artist, author, and critic, as well as an officer of the Polish Army. As a painter, he is notable for his membership in the Kapist movement, which was heavily influenced by Cézanne. Following the Polish Defensive War, he was made a prisoner of war by the Soviets and was among the very few officers to survive the Katyn massacre of 1940. Following the Sikorski-Mayski Agreement, he was an official envoy of the Polish government searching for the missing Polish officers in Russia. After World War II, he remained in exile in the Paris suburb of Maisons-Laffitte, where he was among the founders of Kultura monthly, one of the most influential Polish cultural journals of the 20th century.


Contents
1Life
1.1Early life
1.2Polish-Soviet War
1.3Paris Committee and Second World War
1.4Emigration
1.5Private life
2English translation
3The Jozef Czapski Pavilion
4Notes and references
5External links
6Further reading