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Emily Dickinson: "We Grow Accustomed to the Dark," is put in motion. "My friends are my 'estate.' Forgive me then the avarice to hoard them."

 
An animation from a Harvard neuroscience course explores representations of perception
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We grow accustomed to the Dark -
When light is put away -
As when the Neighbor holds the Lamp
To witness her Goodbye -

A Moment - We uncertain step
For newness of the night -
Then - fit our Vision to the Dark -
And meet the Road - erect -

And so of larger - Darknesses -
Those Evenings of the Brain -
When not a Moon disclose a sign -
Or Star - come out - within -

The Bravest - grope a little -
And sometimes hit a Tree
Directly in the Forehead -
But as they learn to see -

Either the Darkness alters -
Or something in the sight
Adjusts itself to Midnight -
And Life steps almost straight. 





“Morning without you is a dwindled dawn.”
― Emily Dickinson



Vintage Shorts 的相片


A word is dead
When it is said,
Some say.
I say it just begins
to live that day.
– Emily Dickinson



"My friends are my 'estate.' Forgive me then the avarice to hoard them."
-- Emily Dickinson in a letter to Samuel Bowles (August 1858 or 1859)
*
Poems: Dickinson contains poems from The Poet's Art, The Works of Love, and Death and Resurrection, as well as an index of first lines.







"A word is dead when it is said. Some say. I say it just, begins to live that day." -- Emily Dickinson


"I must go in, for the fog is rising."
Emily Dickinson --The fog is rising. 
Emily Dickinson (December 10, 1830 – May 15, 1886), Her last words were: "I must go in, for the fog is rising."】

Emily Dickinson也常採用,如:

Mine – by the right of White Election!
Mine – by the Royal Seal!
Mine – by the Sign in the Scarlet prison
Bars – cannot conceal!
【HC:我不知其意,或許有人願意說明。】
****


"我至少在三層意思上引用了卡

瓦爾康蒂描寫輕感的例子。首先是語言的輕鬆化;使意義通過

看上去似乎毫無重量的語言肌質表達出來,致使意義本身也具

有同樣淡化的濃度。諸位自己可以找到這類的例子。例如艾米

莉·狄根森( Emily Dickinson)就可以提供許多:



一個花托,一片花瓣和一根刺針,

在一個普通的夏日的清晨——

長頸瓶上掛滿露珠一一兩隻蜜蜂——

一息微風——輕輕搖曳的樹林——

還有我,是一朵玫瑰!


***
作者是我?
出版--不啻出賣心靈
02/22/2007

艾蜜莉的詩,多數隱晦難解,因為她往往將具象與抽象互易,推到極限,發揮得淋灕盡致。而且還常常特意偏離「正常」文法,使得我們一般非英語原生族原本就很難看懂的英詩,更形難上加難。


艾蜜莉寫了近1800首詩,可是終其一生卻出版了大約七首。下面這首詩可以一窺她對出版一事的看法。

Emily Dickinson
#709

Publication -- is the Auction
Of the Mind of Man --
Poverty -- be justifying
For so foul a thing

Possibly -- but We -- would rather
From Our Garret go
White -- Unto the White Creator --
Than invest -- Our Snow --

Thought belong to Him who gave it --
Then -- to Him Who bear
Its Corporeal illustration -- Sell
The Royal Air --

In the Parcel -- Be the Merchant
Of the Heavenly Grace --
But reduce no Human Spirit
To Disgrace of Price --

這一首詩,先不論其意象之豐,乍看又是一首文法上的難詩,不過透過重組成「白話散文」,似乎可以看出幾分端倪,也顯示起碼在這首詩中,艾蜜莉還是恪遵了文法規則的:

Publication is the auction of the mind of man,
poverty possibly be justifying for so foul a thing.

But we would rather go white from our garret
unto the white creator than invest our snow.

(May) Thought belong to Him who gave it,
then belong to Him who bear its corporeal illustration.

Sell the royal air in the parcel;
Be the merchant of the heavenly grace.
But reduce no human spirit to disgrace of price.

以下試就原詩譯成中文,韻腳就先不管了:

出版 -- 不啻拍賣
人的心靈所有 --
貧瘠 -- 因此或許
正合如此不堪

之事 -- 然而我們 -- 寧可
從我們的閣樓,迎向
雪白 -- 向那白色的造主
卻不出賣 -- 我們的雪花 --

讓思維歸於那賜下思維者 --
然後 -- 再歸於那具現
思維肉身形貌者 -- 去販售
那尊貴的氣息吧 --

整批包裝地賣 -- 去做買賣人吧
買賣那神聖的恩賜 --
但請不要,貶損人的靈性
蒙受標價污辱 --


*****2005.6.4
小讀者注譯 H Bloom一段評說和Emily Dickinson 一首(並附瑞麟翻譯)

(我(hc)將小讀者主導的集合之)
「意識型態對於欣賞和理解反諷(irony)的能力是一大斲傷,意識形態膚淺的時候危害尤烈,因此我要提的第五個原則便是「重視反諷」。想想哈姆雷特無盡的反諷,他說的話幾乎都另有所指,甚至常與他的話截然相反。但是提到這項原則,我心裡頗感沮喪,因為現在已經不可能教人懂得反諷,正如不可能教他獨處一樣。然而,失去了反諷就是閱讀之死,也是泯滅了人性中被教化的部份。 

我踩過一段又一段的甲板
小心緩步前進
星斗當空我感覺
海水中我的雙足。

我只知道下一步
便與死亡一寸之遙──
這讓我腳步蹣跚
有人說那是經驗。

I stepped from Plank to Plank
A Slow and cautious way
The Stars about my Head I felt
About my Feet the Sea. 

I knew not but the next
Would be my final inch -
This gave me that precarious Gait
Some call Experience. 

男女走路的方式有別,但除非是經過軍事操練,每個人的步態都不大一樣。狄金遜(Emily Dickinson)擅寫危顫不穩的壯麗,但是我們若對反諷無所感,便無法窺得其堂奧。她走在唯一能走的路上,走過「一段又一段的甲板」,說來諷刺,她的戒慎恐懼卻與豪放反叛並列,她覺得「星斗當空」,而雙足卻已浸在海水中。她不知道再走一步是否就「與死亡一寸之遙」,因而「腳步蹣跚」,她只說「有人」稱之為經驗。狄金遜讀過愛默生的散文〈經驗〉(Experience),這是一篇與蒙田(Montaigne)的〈論經驗〉(Of Experience)異曲同工的登峰之作,而她的反諷可說是回應了愛默生文章的開頭:「我們在哪裡找到了自己?在一連串我們並不知道極限何在、也不相信有極限的事物裡。」對狄金遜而言,極限就是不知道下一步是不是就到了底。「如果我們之中能有人知道自己在做什麼,或是在往何處去,甚至何時是在自以為是!」愛默生接下來的思緒在氣味上,或用狄金遜的話,在步態上,與她有所不同。在愛默生的經驗範疇裡,「萬物流動閃耀」,他那愉快的反諷不同狄金遜戒慎恐懼的反諷。但兩者都不是意識型態,而他們也仍然在其反諷的敵對力量中繼續存活著。」(郭強生譯) 

---
小讀者 留言:
Plank: 甲板? 走在甲板上怎會在海水裡? === 橋板
I felt About my Feet the Sea: 我感覺"海水中"我的雙足? ===> 頂上掛星, 足下臨海, 但頭未沾星, 足亦未浸海. 除非是海上"浮木", 河中跨板, 或足可沾水. 
precarious: 蹣跚? ===顫顫危危, 如臨深淵, 危哉殆哉... 
感覺上很像走危危吊橋... 

----
小讀者 留言:
Women and men can walk differently, but unless we are regimented we all tend to walk somewhat individually. Dickinson, master of the precarious Sublime, can hardly be apprehended if we are dead to her ironies. She is walking the only path available, "from Plank to Plank," but her slow caution ironically juxtaposes with a titanism in which she feels "The Stars about my Head," though her feet very nearly are in the sea. Not knowing whether the next step will be her "final inch" gives her "that precarious Gait" she will not name, except to tell us that "some call it Experience . She had read Emerson''''s essay "Experience," a culmination much in the way "Of Experience" was for his master Montaigne, and her irony is an amiable response to Emerson''''s opening: "Where do we find ourselves? In a series of which we do not know the extremes, and believe that it has none." The extreme, for Dickinson, is the not knowing whether the next step is the final inch...

----

but her slow caution ironically juxtaposes with a titanism in which she feels "The Stars about my Head," though her feet very nearly are in the sea. 

Dickinson''s ironic juxtaposition of precarious and sublime: 

- slow caution, the seas about my feet, uncertain/unknown last inch== precarious
極低極險 (one extreme of the series)

vs

- titanism, the stars about my head==> sublime
極高極崇 (the other extreme of the series) 

就是在這向天抗爭的不確定經驗中, 狄金遜 (人類) 達到雖險卻崇的境地...

Titanism: The spirit of revolt against an established order; rebelliousness.

Spiritual Titanism: an extreme form of humanism in which human beings take on divine attributes and prerogatives. 
----
Emerson's "Experience": 

WHERE do we find ourselves? In a series of which we do not know the extremes, and believe that it has none. We wake and find ourselves on a stair; there are stairs below us, which we seem to have ascended; there are stairs above us, many a one, which go upward and out of sight... 
--
Montaigne's "OF EXPERIENCE"

There is no desire more natural than that of knowledge. We try all ways that can lead us to it; where reason is wanting, we therein employ
experience, which is a means much more weak and cheap; but truth is so great a thing that we ought not to disdain any mediation that will guide us to it. Reason has so many forms that we know not to which to take; experience has no fewer... 

------
男女步態往往有別, 但除非把我們編成隊伍, 嚴格統制, 走起路來人人多少各有其態。狄金遜, 這位最能掌握顫危而高崇境地的大師, 我們若對她筆下的反諷無所知感, 就完全不能體會她的意趣。她走在別無選擇的惟一路徑上, 「一條又一條跨板」地走去, 可是她這分遲疑小心, 卻又反諷地和一種與天地同大 (爭輝?) 的意識並置, 在其中她感到「星星就在我的頭際」, 雖然她的腳幾乎就要陷入海中。不知道下一步是否就是她的「末步」, 使她取得了「那種顫危不穩的步態」, 她卻不明言這種態勢, 只告訴我們「有人稱此為經驗」。她讀過愛默生的論「經驗」一文, 此文(問: 還是經驗?) 對愛默生來說, 乃是最高境界, 正如蒙田的「經驗談」之於蒙田, 這位他所崇效的前輩大師。而她的反諷, 則是一種聲氣相通的回應,答復了愛默生開篇之問:「我們在哪裡找見自己? 在一步步系列經歷之中──我們不知道這系列的兩極何在,也深信它根本沒有極處。」而極處, 對狄金遜來說,卻正是下一步或許就是末步的那種不可知狀。 


****
I stepped from Plank to Plank
A Slow and cautious way
The Stars about my Head I felt
About my Feet the Sea.
赴黃泉
步履艱
海水濺
星斗懸

rl 留言(閒著也是閒著的rl):

I knew not but the next 
Would be my final inch -
This gave me that precarious Gait
Some call Experience.
悟失足
成千古
步踟躕
飽世故

*****
Emily Dickinson died on May 15th 1886. Only 10 of her poems were published during her lifetime; hundreds more were discovered in a wooden chest after her death, and a legend grew up, sweet with pathos, of a woman too delicate for this world, disappointed in love.http://econ.st/1d2Nifd


Lives Like Loaded Guns: Emily Dickinson and Her Family's Feuds. By Lyndall Gordon. Viking Press; 512 pages; $32.95. Virago; £20. Buy from Amazon.com,...
ECON.ST



艾蜜莉.狄金生(Emily Dickinson,1830-1886)

山間行草/文】


這個世界,處處可以是作者的行蹤:屈原有他行吟的澤畔,蘇東坡有他一再謫放的天涯,傑克‧倫敦(Jack London, 1876-1916)有他的荒漠北極,費滋傑羅(F. Scott Fitzgerald, 1896-1940)有他的燈紅酒綠,而海明威,有他的狩獵場和戰地……。其他人,即或沒這麼戲劇性,至少都有一定廣度的生活經驗,作為寫作素材的來源。像那樣,一輩子住在她出生的屋子裡,二十幾歲還是青春年華就開始足不出戶的,大概少有別的例子了。她在五十六歲時因腦膜炎過世,一生當中至少有三十年,過的是自我幽囚的日子。

狄金生身後留下了一千七百多首詩,生前發表的卻只有七首(其中有兩首重複,所以嚴格講只有五首),並且是別人替她投出刊登的;就詩人的身分來說,她生前近乎沒沒無聞。但死後她妹妹將她的詩稿交給出版社,一八九○年單卷版出書,立即就引起注意。隨後幾年狄金生詩集不僅一再出版,連她的書信集也緊接著在一八九四年整理問世。進入二十世紀後,狄金生作為十九世紀最重要美國詩人之一的地位,也逐漸確定,一九五○年,她的全部手稿由哈佛大學購齊,出版全集。

狄金生家世相當顯赫,祖父是麻省Amherst學院的創辦人,父親曾任美國國會參院和眾院的議員。以這樣的家庭背景,狄金生很有機會活得眾星拱月,熱鬧繽紛。但她一生卻只留下一張約二十歲左右時拍的,輪廓清麗但沒什麼表情的照片;所有的傳記,則都只能從她的書信去努力想像各種可能的蛛絲馬跡。這個女子,是的,在她青春盛放的歲月,就選擇了把自己幽禁在一個屋簷下。她做家事,她一首又一首寫不期待讀者的詩。即使對左鄰右舍,她也只是偶爾素衣在窗前閃過的身影。

研究狄金生的人,最好奇的都是她的感情生活。狄金生沒留下任何談戀愛的具體紀錄。但書信中有不少詞語熱切的信是寫給某位特定異性的,信的抬頭是master,對方顯然是個長輩:有人猜是她父親的一位法律界朋友,有人猜是一個編輯人,但總之無從證明。狄金生也跟一位女性朋友Susan Gilbert寫極熱情的信,用詞之親暱可以斷定兩人之間關係非比尋常。但後來Susan竟成為她的弟媳婦,兩人因此似有一段時間的不諒解,書信也就戛然而止。
狄金生的詩,奇特地,越過它們的創作者殊異的人格特質,也超越了她幾乎刻意隱匿的存在,在她身後大放光芒。早期的出版,讀者雖也立刻被她奇特的想像、精巧的譬喻所吸引,但多半對她完全不守格律規章的寫法不能認同。她任意斷句,句中句尾到處加破折號,韻腳不齊,又喜歡隨便大寫,就像這首〈靈魂選擇她自己的同伴〉(第一段):

The Soul selects her own
Society 
Then shuts the Door
To her divine Majority
Present no more
……
她也不給自己的詩訂題目。後人替她出的詩集,只好都用第一行作題目酖酖倒彷彿我們古代的《詩經》。但是越到二十世紀,英詩的格律式微,連康明思(ee comings, 1894-1962)那樣在詩裡把一個個字拆得七零八落的都有,狄金生的劣勢反而變成優勢了。不管是愛情詩中的難解的隱喻,還是宗教想像中的神祕色調,或者歌頌自然時的細緻觀察,她的特立獨行和女性特質,都使二十世紀以來的讀者不僅接受,而且擁抱她。而狄金生自己,儘管孤僻自閉,刻意與外界隔絕,並沒有失去對自己作品的信心,她曾說,"If fame belonged to me, I can not escape her."「如果名聲該屬於我,我絕逃不掉。」歷史也證明她果然沒有「逃掉」!

狄金生所處的時代環境,一方面是基督教的復興,一方面是一八六○年代南北戰爭的發生。她的詩裡常可看到信仰的影響:冥冥中的主宰和神祕的永恆,都常是她詩中隱喻的主題;至於那幾乎撕裂了美國的戰爭,作為隱者的狄金生,顯然不特別關注。狄金生證明的也許是,文學是有可能完全不必對外界作回應,而依然成其「好」的。

除了唯一的一張照片,很多人也注意到狄金生特別的墓誌銘。狄金生死後就葬在居處不遠,墓碑上刻著「CALLED BACK」。原來是她過世前一天寫給表妹們的字條,"Little sisters, Called back."表妹們,我(奉召)要回去了。後來親人就把字條上Called back這兩個字作了她的墓誌銘。
這是狄金生遠行前向世界的慎重告知,卻恐怕也是最短的詩人墓誌銘了。 


Poems: Dickinson contains poems from The Poet's Art, The Works of Love, and Death and Resurrection, as well as an index of first lines...

Everyman's Library
"Success" by Emily Dickinson
Success is counted sweetest
By those who ne'er succeed.
To comprehend a nectar
Requires sorest need.
Not one of all the purple host
Who took the flag to-day
Can tell the definition,
So clear, of victory,
As he, defeated, dying,
On whose forbidden ear
The distant strains of triumph
Break, agonized and clear!



自殺:三島由紀夫 Yukio Mishima (或空的幻景) Marguerite Yourcenar、太宰治


Yukio Mishima’s "The Temple of Dawn" is the third novel in his masterful tetralogy, The Sea of Fertility 豐饒之海. Here, Shigekuni Honda continues his pursuit of the successive reincarnations of Kiyoaki Matsugae, his childhood friend.






太宰治、三島由紀夫的作品多漢譯,也都有電影。


三島由紀夫,或空的幻景



法國著名作家瑪格麗特·尤瑟納爾的代表作之一,此書發表於日本現代作家三島由紀夫(1925—1970)剖腹自戕后十一年,即1981年。

這部篇幅不長的評論作品以才華橫溢而又極富爭議的日本作家三島由紀夫為對象,從三島的生活背景及與此密切相關的自傳體小說《假面的告白》起筆,大致按照其創作年代順序,依次介紹分析《禁色》、《金閣寺》、《潮騷》、《薩德侯爵夫人》、《憂國》等三島主要的小說、戲劇和電影作品,尤其在四卷本小說《豐饒之海》上揮灑了濃墨重彩,同時探討導致三島不懈鍛造體魄的深層原因、他的政治思想和行動,以及他對切腹的執迷,勾畫出三島由紀夫從少年得志走向最終歸途的過程。

如作者在分析中所點明,這本書並不是一篇敘述作家生平軼事的傳記,而是以作品為基石和導向,探尋作家的精神歷程的嘗試。

瑪格麗特·尤瑟納爾(Marguerite Yourcenar,1903—1987),法國現代著名作家、學者。本名瑪恪麗特·德·克拉楊古爾(Marguerite de Crayencour),尤瑟納爾是作家與父親—起以姓氏字母重新組合后為自己起的筆名。16歲即以長詩《幻想園》嶄露頭角。在半個多世紀的時問里,她游歷了歐美多國。著有小說《哈德良回憶錄》、《苦煉》、《東方故事集》、《—彈解千愁》等;回憶錄《虔誠的回憶》、《北方檔案》;詩歌《火》等。1980年入選法蘭西學院,成為法蘭西學院成立三百五十年來第—位女院士。

日本小說家的自殺情結(野島剛)
新頭殼newtalk 文/
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日本文學界裡選擇以自殺結束生命的小說家不在少數,包括作家太宰治。圖:翻攝網路。
筆者身邊並沒有什麼輕生的故人,但與友人交談間發覺,這世上還是有不少自尋短見的人。事實也的確如此,日本每年有3萬人自殺,只不過是筆者狹窄的人際關係裡並沒有這樣的遭遇罷了。然而,日本文學界裡選擇以自殺結束生命的小說家不在少數,很多都是大家耳熟能詳的文豪,他們也留下了傑出作品。我喜歡閱讀小說,卻總是很納悶:「文筆如此精湛的人,為何要選擇自我了結呢?」這份單純的疑問始終縈繞在腦海裡。對筆者而言,自殺一事看似遠在天邊卻又近在咫尺。從另一個角度來看,這也許反映了日本近代的小說家們是有多愛自殺了。

今年6月,筆者到訪了位於東京三鷹的禪林寺,那裡是作家太宰治的安葬之處。這一天被稱為「櫻桃忌」,是取其作品《櫻桃》來命名,既是太宰治的生辰也是忌日。據記載,太宰治13日投身玉川上水,19日才被人發現遺體。因此實際的死亡時間應當更早一些,只是後人習慣將19日當作他的忌日。先前,他也曾和咖啡店女伺相約赴鐮倉跳海,他一人獲救,那名女子卻獨自香消玉殞。多達4次的自殺未遂紀錄,一心尋死的太宰治最終也算是了了夙願,享年38歲。

禪林寺的訪客大多是太宰的忠實讀者。筆者當天也是因為陪同一位自稱太宰迷的法國友人前往,才首次踏進這座寺院。數百名的悼念者中,年輕人占了大多數,著實讓筆者頗為吃驚。直到現在,太宰筆下的人性脆弱、狡猾、煩惱等深入內心的描寫,固然引起了眾多海內外讀者的共鳴,但是他選擇自殺一途所蘊含的悲劇性,無疑也是牽動年輕人的一大因素。

當然,筆者無意美化自殺的行為,只是該如何理解那些把自殺視為唯一手段的人呢?這值得令人思考。然而,作家的自殺通常被認為有別於常人,最常見的說法是為了貫徹美學而死,聽起來何其可笑。另一方面,人活於世,常言「尊嚴」二個字,甚至有人付出生命維護尊嚴,也曾聽聞遭受文革迫害的中國文人作家為此選擇了自殺。然而,卻鮮少聽過有日本作家為尊嚴而死,基本上都是高舉貫徹美學的旗幟而走上絕路,筆者個人對此實在難以苟同。

然而,日本社會整體似乎持著不同的態度。不僅僅是太宰治,多數自殺作家的忌日通常都會有大批的讀者緬懷追思。川端康成的忌日被稱為「康成忌」,芥川龍之介的忌日又稱「河童忌」。彷彿透過自殺之舉,作家便獲得了永恆的生命,然而,這對於拼命活下來繼續書寫的作家而言太不公平了。

接近現代,自殺越被視為一種普遍現象。幾乎所有的國家,因自殺造成的死亡率,儼然成為了繼病歿和事故死之後第三大死因的位置。平均每一年在美國和日本有3萬人自殺,法國有2萬人,俄羅斯有6萬人。如果再加上自殺未遂的話,統計數字就相當可觀了。總之,這地球上每年就有50萬人親手為自己的人生畫下休止符。

姑且不論這樣的現象到底是否正常,僅僅就日本文學家自殺率高的這一點,基本上在國際間已經形成了共識。其中,以聞名國際的20世紀日本偉大文豪裡,芥川龍之介、太宰治、三島由紀夫、川端康成4人均以自殺結束生命,若是再加上其他具有一定知名度的作家,初估就有20人了,這的確不是一個小數字。對於研究自殺的學者而言,也是一個無法規避的研究主題。

這些人選擇自殺的理由不盡相同。

太宰治的自殺是文學式的自殺。自殺早已成為太宰生命中的一種慣常,是他的生活模式,自殺體驗在他的文學中也有所表現。關於太宰之死,讀者很難找到任何非死不可的必然理由。「自我了斷」這一極端行為的背後缺少了決定性的因素。當太宰的生活一旦碰了壁,他馬上就想到了死,彷彿一直以來都是自殺在引誘他。對太宰治而言,死亡本身大概就是他的主張。

而三島由紀夫,在位於東京市谷駐屯地的自衛隊大樓的陽臺上發表了15分鐘的演說,卻在一片奚落與怒聲中深感自己不被理解,便匆匆結束了原訂的2小時演講。回到自衛隊東部方面總監室的三島,脫下軍服上衣,端坐地毯之上,大喝一聲後以短刀刺入腹中,三島的親信森田必勝當即為其斬首。後來,森田也以同樣的方式追隨三島而去。

三島的自殺在日本社會是毀譽參半的。但總括來說,三島的自殺在另一種層面上與太宰一致,都是一種文學式的死。當時《朝日新聞》的報導裡,曾有過這樣的一段評論,筆者深表認同:

「三島由紀夫的演出以剖腹自殺宣告謝幕。他自身實際上就是其最後的創作。」

思想與現實通常是分離的,但是三島卻試圖在現實裡將思想付諸實踐。對三島而言,思想與現實的區別極為曖昧,他是那種讓現實生活充滿緊張感以獲得文學能量的作家,他無疑是以戲劇化死亡的方式,寫下了人生的最後一頁。

透過這2位小說家的自殺,我們可以觀察到的他們選擇死亡以遠離身處的社會邏輯。太宰利用逃避的方式,三島則是採用反抗手段,他們對於自身所處的「日本」各自表達了不同的拒絕態度。

依筆者淺見,日本社會是一個集體性、組織性極高的社會。人們透過確認自己是組織的一員來獲得身分認同。然而,作家是一個極為個人的職業,常常與孤獨為伴。因此,他們的最終目的不是與組織內的人生死與共,只能是為了保持自身崇高的「死亡」。

自殺,一如其字面,抹殺自我的行為,若是加上堅強的尋死意志,其結果就是無法挽回的死亡。

法國社會學家涂爾幹(Emile Durkheim)的《自殺論》裡,談到自殺的主要動機有「精神的崩潰」、「肉體的痛苦」、「家庭的不幸」等,文學家的自殺動機也基本可以從這三個方面來解釋。其中,「精神的崩潰」無疑是小說家自殺的最大原因。

本文開頭就曾提到,有不少受到日本人十分尊敬文學家走上自殺一途,這多半源自於對「精神崩潰」帶來的悲劇意味有所共感。這背後有一種奇妙的想法,就是文學家與自殺十分相配。

文學研究學者竹內實,他就曾說過一段話,大概是這樣的意思:

日本人不抵抗,只隨波逐流。抵抗的人被認為不合群份子受人排擠,遭人嫌棄。日本人最恐懼的就是身處集體卻被孤立。

在這樣的日本社會裡,作家也棲身其中。既不反抗也不轉向,僅僅通過自我了斷以期獲得永恆的存在,這便是日本作家選擇自殺的一大理由吧。

中國歷史上,畏罪自殺的高官多到不可勝數。一旦被賜罪,皇帝的使者便會帶著毒藥前來,飲毒自盡成了一種固定模式。有句話是「以死謝罪」,說的是用自殺來彌補自己犯下的罪行,因此,實際上即便是死罪之人,在遭受酷刑而死之前,有不少則是主動或被迫選擇結束自己的生命。

在日本,面臨死刑的受刑人往往選擇自行切腹,再由被稱為「介錯」的行刑人為其斬首,以便讓切腹者更快死亡,免除痛苦折磨。這究竟算不算是加工自殺還是處刑,似乎都說得過,反倒難以判定。對本人來說是自殺,對掌權的一方來說是處刑,不過互為表裡罷了。

此外,人在自殺前總會留下一些話語,日語稱之為「辭世詩」。日本人的辭世詩往往富於感情,包含日式美學特有的「物哀」,鮮有怨恨之詞。

當日本戰國名將織田信長在「本能寺之變」中被部下燒死前,是否當真吟誦:「人生五十年,去事恍如夢」仍是一樁懸案,但這樣退一步回望世事的辭世詩的確很「日本」。無論是對人世或者大自然的詠嘆,都是「物哀」的世界。

回歸正題,日本小說家的自殺癖在平成年間(1989年1月至今),不知為何驟然大減,其理由尚未有定論。難道說是因為小說家的「精神崩潰」,已經缺乏了符合當代的現實感?試想,如果村上春樹因為無緣諾貝爾文學獎而絕望自殺的話,大概會對全球的村上迷帶來巨大的衝擊。雖然這是筆者輕率失敬的想像,不過這樣的事大概不會發生吧。對於村上春樹式的「我」而言,與其自殺,肯定是選擇遠離喧囂紛擾逃到世界的盡頭。

作者:野島剛(日本資深媒體人,前朝日新聞台北支局長)

胡汝森 (1919-1980)《 陌生的皺紋》Chagall Etchings for Dead Souls、艾森豪紀念堂的爭端





胡汝森《 陌生的皺紋》保留《 文星雜誌》的封面人物專欄。原先編輯希望以介紹科學家為主,不過胡先生的個性讓他的視野更廣點,保留50-60年代初的一些"關心的人物"的資料,譬如說,艾森豪卸任8年的美國總統任期,"從馬歇爾看美國將才的培育"一文,是中文寫的訃聞。
胡先生的翻譯有時候不怎樣順,不過我們可以會意。很謝謝他為我們留下這些人物肖像。


陌生的皺紋   胡汝森著台北市:文星,民53[1964] [5],240面;19公分文星叢刊;29 ...


陌生的皺紋(代序)

談雜誌封面人物

丹麥的國寶.

小兒麻痺症的征服者

復興西德經濟的"奇人"

替太空發展鋪路的范阿倫

業餘歷史家.

迪斯耐塑造"明日"

無師自通的薩格爾***

書生本色和實驗重結緣的李比

盟軍之寶**

平易近人的現代學者

重建西德國防軍的小排長

西歐共同繁榮引路人

施博格兼顧原子能善惡用途

土耳其民主政治之母


附錄------幾個可愛的和可懷念的 (12人,包括從馬歇爾看美國將才的培育......)

------


學經歷:胡汝森原僑居於馬來西亞,抗戰前返回中國,投考軍校。曾主編《文星》雜誌及《國語日報》科學版,曾任職於聯經出版公司、衛康隱形眼鏡公司總經理等。
文學風格:胡汝森的創作文類有散文及小說。文章論事冷靜、條理清晰。亦有詩作發表,內容直抒心中所感,用語滿懷悲憫。


汝森 (1919-1980)先生參加 聯經版的 Peter Drucker《管理學:使命、責任、實務》的翻譯,與作者通信請教,最後寫篇《管理的實踐成效》,刊登《經濟日報》(1975-11.18起12天),收持入姚為民的《杜魯克管理學新詮》台北:聯經,1976,頁275-305。
***
拜網路之賜,我們知道胡先生說的:

Chagall Etchings for Dead Souls - Spaightwood Galleries



Chagall (1887-1985) did not begin making etchings until 1921. After his return from Russia, he first tried his hand at etching in the prints he executed for his autobiography, My Life (Berlin, 1922-23). Moving to Paris, Chagall was approached by Ambroise Vollard, who wished to commission him to produce a set of etchings for a deluxe "livre de peintre" like the ones Vollard had already commissioned from Bonnard and Rouault. Chagall rejected Vollard’s choice of texts and instead suggested Gogol’s Dead Souls. The result is one of the masterpieces of modern art. Jean Adehmar’s brief summary in his Twentieth Century Graphics gives us some keys for entry into the work: "the numerous figures in profile show astonishing types; the Expressionist influence is very noticeable and the Russian atmosphere is admirably rendered." The characterizations of the people whom Chagall presents us are so striking that we instantly recognize them not simply as portaits of individuals but as representatives of the human comedy that so much of Chagall’s art illustrates for us. Nor is this effect diminished upon further viewing; rather it is strenghtened the more familiarity we gain with the images. As Franz Meyer has observed in Marc Chagall: His Graphic Work, the etchings paint a much larger mental canvas than mere individual types, showing Chagall’s "native Russia with its wind-swept vastness and, for all its bitter misery born of unreason and inertia . . . its inexhaustible, wholesome, joyous vitality as well." While there is satire and mockery in these plates, there is also acceptance and even love of the whole of human experience. As Meyer notes, "This entire world of stupidity, malice, and selfishness is rendered transparent through humor. . . . The basic incongruence of reality and appearance is so pointedly brought into relief that magnificently comical figures result. But this comedy is not a hostile satire or a pitiless record of these characters, with their weaknesses and their baseness. It is a liberating force which discloses the deep stream of exuberant life behind all the figures in the novel. Everywhere, running through all the comical elements, and borne along by a sort of inner joyfulness, there appears the fantastic, rich, inexhaustible reality of Russian life."

Although the surface details of the etchings may be drawn from the Russia to which Chagall is so affectionately saying farewell, one realizes that Chagall’s affirmation of the whole of life—folly as well as brilliance, selfishness as well as altruism, fear as well as love, the surface illusions as well as the inner truths—has a relevance as universal as Shakespeare’s comedies or Joyce’s Ulysses. Robert Marteau ("Chagall as Engraver") has wisely insisted on this dimension of Chagall’s art, so strongly transcending its Russian origins, when he notes of the Dead Souls etchings, "Observation is what feeds this verse always. Nothing is set, nothing fixed: people and objects take life under the graver without our expecting it to happen, and their geste follows its course under our gaze amid the tribulations, joys, and jokes that each new day brings. We always feel how greatly life delights him, but Chagall adds a dimension to the fleeting manifestations of life that he seizes, and this extra dimension puts the work far above any mere realism limited to particular situations." Thus in looking at such etchings as "The new chief at the Treasury,""On route to Sobakevitch’s house," or "Tchitchikov and Manilov meeting in their overcoats," one notices first such details as the Russianness of the dress and of the landscape (including the quintessentially Russian troika which carries Tchitchikov to Sobakevitch’s), but then the universality of the depicted scenes takes over, and we find ourselves focusing more on the scurrying clerks whose new boss has just tried to terrify them into submission to his regime or the fantastic conversation between the coachman and the center horse whom he is accusing of loafing while his two fellows do all the work (and in so doing offers the horse the opportunity to laugh at him for thinking it within his power to make it work any harder and for providing the horse with an excuse not to work until the conversation has ended), or even the jostling and sparring for position between the two heavily clothed bargainers, each keeping his true position as hidden as his overcoat keeps his body bundled up and hidden from the winter’s cold. Once we have entered into this world of universal truths, we are freed to respond to the visions of the human comedy that inform the contrast between the painters’ joyous abandon and their employer’s terror in "The house painters," Madame Korobotchka’s extravagantly mixed emotions as she provides pillows for her unexpected guests, or the surrealistic vision of the clerks merging with their desks in "The registry of deeds." The Dead Souls etchings allow us to witness clearly to this first explosion in graphics of Chagall’s tremendous affirmation of life and in so doing define themselves as one of the masterpieces of twentieth-century printmaking.

The etchings for the Dead Souls were executed between 1923 and 1927 and printed in 1927; the sheets were stored in Ambroise Vollard's warehouse until he could publish them, but unfortunately his own death in an automobile accident and Chagall's flight from German-occupied France kept them hidden until Teriade and Chagall published them in 1950. Les Ames Mortes was issued in an edition of 285 on velin d’arches, the first 50 containing a suite on japon, and 33 artist’s proofs hors commerce. All of the portfolios were signed by the artist. Many of the plates are signed in the plate. There are no pencil-signed impressions of the pieces in the edition (though we have recently acquired a signed trial proof–"assai"–of a state prior to the final version. All etchings with full margin in very good+ or better condition

Select Bibiliography of Chagall's Prints: Franz Meyer, Marc Chagall: His Graphic Work (NY: Abrams, 1957; Meyer was Chagall's sson-in-law and author of the massive Life and Works which is still the standard catalogue raisonné of Chagall's paintings); Sylvie Forestiere, ed. Marc Chagall: L'oeuvre gravé (Nice: Musée National Message Biblique Marc Chagall, 1987; abbrev. Nice 1987); Jean Adhemar, Chagall: L'oeuvre gravé (Paris: Bibliothèque National, 1970; abbrev. BN 1970); Irina Antonova, et al, Chagall Discovered From Russian and Private Collections (NY: Levin Associates, 1988; abbrev. Moscow, 1988); Ernst-Gerhard Güse, Marc Chagall Druckgraphik(Westfalen: Westfälisches Landesmuseum für Kunst und Kulturgeschichte Münster, 1985); Udo Liebelt, ed. Marc Chagall Druckgraphische Folgen 1922-1966 (Hannover: Kunstmuseum Hannover, 1981; abbrev. Hannover); Roger Passeron, Mâitres de la gravure: Chagall (Paris: Bibliothèque des Arts, 1984); Charles Sorlier, Marc Chagall et Ambroise Vollard: Catalogue Complet des gravures exécutées par Marc Chagall á la demande de Ambroise Vollard (Paris: Editions Galerie Matignon, 1981).
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La soirée chez le gouveneur / Evening fête at the Governor's house (Sorlier 5, Hannover 43). Original etching with drypoint, 1923-27. 335 unsigned impressions + 33 HC. No pencil-signed impressions exist. Inclulded in the 1970 BN show. Image size: 223x287mm. Price: $5000.
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Selifan (Sorlier 7, Hannover 45). Original etching, 1923-27. 335 impressions signed in the plate + 33 HC. No pencil-signed impressions exist. Chagall's etchings for Gogol's Dead Souls are among his earliest etchings. They are also some of his finest. Illustrated in Meyer'sChagall's Graphic Works, Wesfalen 1985, Nice 1987, and the 1987 Moscow Chagall exhibition. Selifan is a rather rascally figure who believes in self-indulgence and would rather party than work. Image size: 221x286mm. Price: $5000.
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On the way to Sobakevich's (Sorlier 8, Hannover 46, ). Original etching, 1923-27. 335 impressions signed in the plate + 33 HC. No pencil-signed impressions exist. Illustrated in Meyer's Chagall's Graphic Works, BN 1970, the 1987 Moscow Chagall Exhibition and Nice 1987. Image size: 219x287mm. Price: $6000.
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Repas chez Manilov / Dinner at Manilov's house (Sorlier 9, Hannover 49). Original etching with drypoint, 1923-27. 335 unsigned impressions + 33 HC. No pencil-signed impressions exist. Inclulded in the 1970 BN show. Image size: 223x287mm. Price: $5000.
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Tchitchikov's farewell to Manilov (Sorlier 12, Hannover 51). Original etching, 1923-27. 335 impressions signed in the plate + 33 HC. No hand-signed impressions exist. Illustrated in Meyer,Chagall: His Graphic Works, Wesfalen 1985, and in the 1987 Moscow Chagall Exhibition. Image size: 218x284mm. Price: $5500.
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Madame Korobotchka (Sorlier 18, Hannover 54). Original etching, 1923-27. 335 impressions signed in the plate + 33 HC. No pencil-signed impressions exist. Illustrated in the Bibliotheque National show of Chagall's graphics; illustrated in Meyer, Chagall's Graphics, and Passeron,Maitres de la Gravure: Chagall. Image size: 285x212mm. Price: $5000.
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The house painters (Sorlier 22, Hannover 62)Original etching, 1923-27. 335 impressions signed in the plate + 33 HC. Signed in the plate right-center bottom. No pencil-signed impressions exist. Illustrated in Passeron, the Philadelphia Museum/Royal Academy catalogue, BN 1970, and the 1987 Moscow Chagall exhibition. Image size: 277x218mm. Price: $6000.
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Nozdriov (Sorlier 23, Hannover 61). Original etching, 1923-27. 335 impressions signed in the plate + 33 HC. No pencil-signed impressions exist. Included but not illustrated in the B.N. 1970 exhibition of Chagall's graphics, illustrated Nice 1987, and Moscow 1987. Image size:280x215mm. Price: $5500.

Spaightwood Galleries, Inc.



艾森豪紀念堂的爭端


We Still Like Ike

It’s been 15 years since a federal commission began planning a memorial in the nation’s capital to Dwight Eisenhower. That’s nearly twice as long as his presidency.
Yet, as a new congressional report discloses, after $41 million in taxpayer funds, instead of a memorial we have mismanagement, skyrocketing cost overruns and a design process flawed from the outset.
New Yorkers know the feeling. The same architect at the heart of the Ike memorial, Frank Gehry, is the guy who first designed Ground Zero’s now-stalled Performing Arts Center. Meanwhile, his fellow star architect, Santiago Calatrava, gave us the nearby PATH station boondoggle that came in years behind schedule and, at $4 billion, double the original price tag.
Ike’s memorial has its own problems. Gehry’s design, for example, ignores Ike’s achievements as both general and president, focusing instead on his description of himself as “a barefoot boy from Kansas.”
After Eisenhower’s family objected, Gehry — who’s already been paid $16.4 million — modified his design. Yet there is still no construction-ready approved plan. In fact, construction is actually barred until all necessary funding is in hand.
Which raises an unresolved question: Will taxpayers end up with the bill?
Certainly, Ike deserves enshrinement along with such immortals as Washington and Lincoln. But Eisenhower doesn’t need a memorial for a legacy. His legacy is all around us, in those lives lived in freedom because he defeated Hitler and brought a truce to Korea.
Pity that a memorial in his name would obscure rather than enhance these historic achievements.


作家:胡汝森
性別:
籍貫:廣東新會
出生日期:1919年
來臺時間:1945年
生或卒:已故
辭世時間:1980年4月28日
學經歷:胡汝森原僑居於馬來西亞,抗戰前返回中國,投考軍校。曾主編《文星》雜誌及《國語日報》科學版,曾任職於聯經出版公司、衛康隱形眼鏡公司總經理等。
文學風格:胡汝森的創作文類有散文及小說。文章論事冷靜、條理清晰。亦有詩作發表,內容直抒心中所感,用語滿懷悲憫。



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戒嚴氣氛中,聯合國教科文組織 UNESCO70歲生日: 宏圖大業:聯合國教科文組織編年史(1946-1993)UNESCO 在60年代資助台灣翻譯/


聯合國教科文組織UNESCO 在60年代資助台灣翻譯

《希臘羅馬名人傳》Plutarch (46-120)普魯塔克《道德論集 選》


亞里士多德 詩學箋註姚一葦譯注  國立編譯館 +台灣中華書局




Good Riddance to a Repeat U.N. Offender
Unesco's Palestine fiasco is only the latest of the agency's offenses.




good riddance

Also, good riddance to bad rubbish. A welcome loss or departure. This expression is often used as an exclamation. For example, The principal has finally retired, and most of the teachers are saying, "Good riddance!" or When Jean decided to give up her violin her relieved family quietly said, "Good riddance to bad rubbish.". [Late 1700s]

新聞報導 | 2011.11.07
教科文組織前景堪憂
聯合國教科文組織未來的經費還沒有著落。在美國停止向該機構繳納會員費後,教科文組織缺少資金來維持重要的文化項目。德國執政黨聯盟黨對此的立場很明確:教科文組織是作繭自縛。美國很快就作出了反應。在聯合國教科文組織於10月31日決定接納巴勒斯坦為成員後,美國立即宣布,將兌現此前的威脅,停止向該機構提供資金。華盛頓是教科文組織重要的出資國,每年提供6000萬美元的資金,佔教科文組織經費預算的22%。教科文組織沒有想到的是,美國會這麼快就付諸行動。至少教科文組織總幹事博科娃(Irina Bokova)給人的印像是這樣的。她11月2日對媒體表示:"我呼籲美國政府、國會和美國人民,尋找一條新的道路,在目前這個艱難時刻,繼續支持聯合國教科文組織的工作。"她指出,該機構的資金也用來資助與美國的利益息息相關的項目,例如伊拉克獨立媒體的發展和阿富汗警察的掃盲。教科文組織總幹事博科娃教科文組織總幹事博科娃德國不會停止出資與美國一樣對接納巴勒斯坦投了反對票的德國則表示,將繼續為教科文組織提供資金。德國每年為該機構出資2300萬歐元。聯邦政府負責文化事務的國務秘書皮佩爾(Cornelia Pieper)表示,德國不會停止繳費。這位與德國外長韋斯特韋勒同屬自民黨的女政治家說:"我們認為,現在用這樣的措施來懲罰教科文組織是沒有道理的。"與自民黨聯合執政的聯盟黨則對教科文組織提出了批評。聯盟黨議會黨團的外交政策發言人米斯菲爾德(Philipp Missfelder)在接受德國之聲採訪時說:"美國的做法只是對教科文組織錯誤決定的一個反應而已。"他認為,教科文組織作出的許多決定"都是​​對以色列的詆毀,讓這個國家成為眾矢之的,但事實上,以色列是整個中東地區唯一運作有效的民主國家。"米斯菲爾德還指出,聯合國教科文組織有越俎代庖之嫌,"其實該組織更應該起到調解的作用,聯合國組織應該保持中立。"在聯邦層面代表德國民間文化團體的德國文化理事會則批評美國的做法不恰當。該理事會執行長齊默曼(Olaf Zimmermann)對德國之聲表示:"這是一個民主的程序。教科文組織的多數成員作出了這一決定。而現在少數反過來要懲罰這個組織,這是不可以的。"他擔心,美國在做法會對其他國家產生示範效應​​。以色列和加拿大已經宣布,也將停止向教科文組織繳納會費。德國文化理事會得出的結論是:"聯合國教科文組織的根本基礎受到了動搖"。
作者:Friederike Schulz 編譯:葉宣責編:樂然



联合国教科文组织未来的经费还没有着落。在美国停止向该机构缴纳会员费后,教科文组织缺少资金来维持重要的文化项目。德国执政党联盟党对此的立场很明确:教科文组织是作茧自缚。



戒嚴氣氛中,聯合國教科文組織迎來70歲生日

聯合國教科文組織成立於1945年11月16日,首批簽約的只有37個國家。目前,這個組織已發展成為擁有195個會員的聯合國所屬的大型機構。週一,在剛剛經歷恐怖襲擊的巴黎,該組織迎來70歲生日。

(德國之聲中文網)1945年11月,整個世界還未能從剛剛結束的戰爭中得到恢復。當時英國教育大臣維德金森( Ellen Witkinson)召集了37個國家的代表在倫敦聚會,商討怎樣以文化作為長久維護和平的有效手段。在她看來,一切戰爭都是在人類的頭腦中首先醞釀誕生的,那麼,和平也應該深深地植根於人類的大腦中。當年11月16日,出席倫敦會議的人們簽署了聯合國教科文組織憲章。
這個文件的總綱中寫道:"建立在政府間政治與經濟協定基礎上的和平,無法取代世界各民族一致、長久與真誠的支持。要讓和平不遭受失敗,必須把它植根於人類的精神與道德之中。"
聯合國教科文組織在戰爭結束前的構想階段,首先被設計成一個對話平台,參與國進行雙邊協商並簽訂協定。隨著聯合國框架的雛形逐漸得到廣泛接受,教科文組織的設計者們認為,在聯合國框架下該組織展開全球性活動的機會才能夠得以保障,於是,教科文組織在成立之初便是聯合國的一個下屬機構。
開始時,該機構是以美國為首的西方陣營的代言人。隨著時代的變遷,尤其在上世紀60年代之後,聯合國教科文組織參與國當中,東西方以及南北方之間的比例發生了變化,因此領導結構也隨之發生變化。德意志電台舉例報導,1974年,教科文組織秘書長首次由一名非洲人擔任。這個創先河之舉招致了即便被看作是自由派媒體的《華盛頓郵報》的激烈抨擊:"聯合國教科文組織被第三世界的共產主義者集體劫持。他們對消除文盲的計劃並不感興趣,他們更熱衷的是搞意識形態的大辯論,更垂涎豪華的生活方式。"
美國停交會費
一直以來聯合國教科文組織的全體大會奉行"一國一票"的原則。這樣一個結構很難讓美國主導的西方推動並貫徹他們的理念。
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Kaiserkanal in China
大運河與2014年被列入世界文化遺產名冊
2011年,該組織全體大會以三分之二多數通過了接納巴勒斯坦為觀察國成員的決議,該事件導致教科文組織的最大金主美國停止繳納會費。美國繳納的會費佔該組織會費總額的22%。作為成員國的以色列也配合了美國的行動停止繳納會費。
此後,聯合國教科文組織的財政狀況陷入極度窘境,尤其是世界文化遺產委員會(World Heritage Committee) 更是深受其苦。該委員會每年舉行年會,期間做出接收新的文化遺產並將其列入世界文化遺產名錄的決定,以及哪些已經入冊的人類文化遺產受到威脅(上了紅名單)或將之刪除。
1978年,世界文化遺產委員會首次頒發"世界文化遺產"的稱號。截止到2014年來,全世界161個國家和地區的1007個自然景觀和建築獲得這一榮譽。
原計劃在今年11月16日這一天,聯合國教科文組織在巴黎舉行盛大的紀念該機構成立70週年儀式,將迎來許多國家的首腦。但造成近130人死亡的恐怖襲擊事件發生後,一些貴賓如伊朗總統盧哈尼已取消行程,加上法國實施戒嚴令,這一活動是否如期舉行,截稿時還未能知曉。


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不知怎麼回事 胡適的日記缺1945年
1945年11月初 中國派到倫敦 去制定UNESCO 憲章的代表團的
首席代表是胡適其他代表為 李書華 程天放 羅家倫和趙元任
李書華先生有參加"聯合國教科文組織大會前後五次的回憶" (未讀)
羅家倫先生至少也有一篇他們(未說訪者)會後去"一次訪問 一次觀摩"泰晤士報的精彩記錄

2008/9/2

The Story of a Grand Design: UNESCO 1946-1993-People, Events and Achievements

Michel Conil Lacoste (著) The Story of a Grand Design: UNESCO 1946-1993-People, Events and Achievements (UNESCO Reference Books) Unesco (1995/05)
宏圖大業:聯合國教科文組織編年史(1946-1993)》中國對外翻譯出版公司 1996



p.204 英文有錯
應該是VENICE RESTORED: UNESCO Twenty-five years have passed since 4 November 1966, the day when Venice was flooded ... Publication Date, 11-03-1991 10:00 am. Publication Location, Paris ...www.unesco.org





"The African Trilogy" By Chinua Achebe 支離破碎 (Things Fall Apart )

"The world is like a Mask dancing. If you want to see it well, you do not stand in one place."
--from "Arrow of God" (1988) by Chinua Achebe, who was born in the Igbo village of Ogidi, Nigeria Protectorate on this day in 1930
Here, collected for the first time in Everyman’s Library, are the three internationally acclaimed classic novels that comprise what has come to be known as Chinua Achebe’s “African Trilogy.” Beginning with the best-selling Things Fall Apart—on the heels of its fiftieth anniversary—The African Trilogy captures a society caught between its traditional roots and the demands of a rapidly changing world. Achebe’s most famous novel introduces us to Okonkwo, an important member of the Igbo people, who fails to adjust as his village is colonized by the British. In No Longer at Ease we meet his grandson, Obi Okonkwo, a young man who was sent to a university in England and has returned, only to clash with the ruling elite to which he now believes he belongs. Arrow of God tells the story of Ezuelu, the chief priest of several Nigerian villages, and his battle with Christian missionaries. READ an excerpt of the introduction by Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie here:http://knopfdoubleday.com/book/200294/the-african-trilogy/




Here, collected for the first time in Everyman’s Library, are the three internationally acclaimed classic novels that comprise what has come to be known as Chinua Achebe’s “African Trilogy.”...
“The impatient idealist says: 'Give me a place to stand and I shall move the earth.' But such a place does not exist. We all have to stand on the earth itself and go with her at her pace.”
― Chinua Achebe, No Longer at Ease
Beginning with the best-selling Things Fall Apart—on the heels of its fiftieth anniversary—The African Trilogy captures a society caught between its traditional roots and the demands of a rapidly changing world. Achebe’s most famous novel introduces us to Okonkwo, an important member of the Igbo people, who fails to adjust as his village is colonized by the British. In No Longer at Ease we meet his grandson, Obi Okonkwo, a young man who was sent to a university in England and has returned, only to clash with the ruling elite to which he now believes he belongs. Arrow of God tells the story of Ezuelu, the chief priest of several Nigerian villages, and his battle with Christian missionaries. In these masterful novels, Achebe brilliantly sets universal tales of personal and moral struggle in the context of the tragic drama of colonization. READ an excerpt here:http://knopfdoubleday.com/book/200294/the-african-trilogy/



支離破碎 (Things Fall Apart ) 台灣:商務
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ThingsFallApart.jpg

First paperback edition cover
Author(s)Chinua Achebe
Original titleThings Fall Apart
CountryUnited Kingdom
LanguageEnglish
Genre(s)Novel
PublisherWilliam Heinemann Ltd.
Publication date1958
Media typePrint (Hardback& Paperback)
ISBN9780385474542
Followed byNo Longer at Ease

Things Fall Apart is a 1958 English language novel by Nigerian author Chinua Achebe. It is a staple book in schools throughout Africa and widely read and studied in English-speaking countries around the world. It is seen as the archetypal modern African novel in English, and one of the first African novels written in English to receive global critical acclaim. The title of the novel comes from William Butler Yeats's poem "The Second Coming".[1] In 2009, Newsweek ranked Things Fall Apart #14 on its list of Top 100 Books: The Meta-List.[2]
The novel depicts the life of Okonkwo, a leader and local wrestling champion in Umuofia—one of a fictional group of nine villages in Nigeria, inhabited by the Igbo ethnic group. In addition it focuses on his three wives, his children, and the influences of British colonialism and Christian missionaries on his traditional Igbo (archaically "Ibo") community during the late nineteenth century.
Things Fall Apart was followed by a sequel, No Longer at Ease (1960), originally written as the second part of a larger work together with Things Fall Apart, and Arrow of God (1964), on a similar subject. Achebe states that his two later novels, A Man of the People (1966) and Anthills of the Savannah (1987), while not featuring Okonkwo's descendants and set in fictional African countries, are spiritual successors to the previous novels in chronicling African history.

Contents

[hide]

[edit]Plot summary

Although Okonkwo's father was a lazy drunk and a deadbeat man who received no titles in his village and died with huge debts, Okonkwo was a great man in his home of Umuofia, a group of nine villages in Nigeria. Okonkwo despises his father and does everything he can to be nothing like him. As a young man, Okonkwo began building his social status by defeating a great wrestler, propelling him into society's eye. He is hard-working and shows no weakness — emotional or otherwise — to anyone. Although brusque with his family and neighbors, he is wealthy, courageous, and powerful among the people of his village. He is a leader of his village, and his place in that society is what he has striven for his entire life.
Because of his great esteem in the village, Okonkwo is selected by the elders to be the guardian of Ikemefuna, a boy taken prisoner by the village as a peace settlement between two villages after his father killed a Umuofian woman. Ikemefuna is to stay with Okonkwo until the Oracle instructs the elders on what to do with the boy. For three years the boy lives with Okonkwo's family and he grows fond of him, he even considers Okonkwo his father. Then the elders decide that the boy must be killed, and the oldest man in the village warns Okonkwo to have nothing to do with the murder because it would be like killing his own child. Rather than seem weak and feminine to the other men of the village, Okonkwo helps to kill the boy despite the warning from the old man. In fact, Okonkwo himself strikes the killing blow as Ikemefuna begs him for protection.
Shortly after Ikemefuna's death, things begin to go wrong for Okonkwo. When he accidentally kills someone at a ritual funeral ceremony when his gun explodes, he and his family are sent into exile for seven years to appease the gods he has offended with the murder. While Okonkwo is away in exile, white men begin coming to Umuofia and they peacefully introduce their religion. As the number of converts increases, the foothold of the white people grows beyond their religion and a new government is introduced.
Okonkwo returns to his village after his exile to find it a changed place because of the presence of the white man. He and other tribal leaders try to reclaim their hold on their native land by destroying a local Christian church that has insulted their gods and religion. In return, the leader of the white government takes them prisoner and holds them for ransom for a short while, further humiliating and insulting the native leaders. As a result, the people of Umuofia finally gather for what could be a great uprising. Okonkwo, adamant over following Umuofian custom and tradition, despises any form of cowardice and advocates for war against the white men. When messengers of the white government try to stop the meeting, Okonkwo kills one of them. He realizes with despair that the people of Umuofia are not going to fight to protect themselves because they let the other messengers escape and so all is lost for the village.
When the local leader of the white government comes to Okonkwo's house to take him to court, he finds that Okonkwo has hanged himself, ruining his great reputation as it is strictly against the custom of the Ibo to kill oneself.

[edit]Culture

Achebe depicts the Ibo as a people with great social institutions in accordance with their particular society, ie, wrestling, human sacrifice and suicide. Their culture is heavy in traditions and laws that focus on justice and fairness. The people are ruled not by a king or chief but by a kind of democracy, where the males meet and make decisions by consensus and in accordance to an "Oracle" that should be written down. It is the Europeans, who often talk of bringing democratic institutions to the rest of the world, who upset this system. Achebe emphasizes that high rank is attainable for all freeborn Igbo men – he attained his through fighting as opposed to reading or ploughing the land and growing herbal remedies, vegetation, rearing cattle, fowl etc.
He also depicts the injustices of Ibo society. No more or less than Victorian England of the same era, the Ibo are a patriarchal society. They also fear twins, who are to be abandoned immediately after birth and left to die of exposure. The novel attempts to repair some of the damage done by earlier European depictions of Africans.

[edit]Characters

Okonkwo: An influential clan leader in Umuofia. Since early childhood, Okonkwo’s embarrassment about his lazy, squandering, and effeminate father, Unoka, has driven him to succeed. Okonkwo’s hard work and prowess in war have earned him a position of high status in his clan, and he attains wealth sufficient to support three wives and their nine children. Okonkwo’s tragic flaw is that he is terrified of being weak or "womanly" like his father. As a result, he behaves rashly, bringing a great deal of trouble and sorrow upon himself and his family. He is a tragic character who not only brings suffering to himself but also to those around him. Towards the end of the novel one can view Okonkwo as a tragic hero because like other tragic heroes he has one major flaw. His main flaw stems from the fear of being like his father who is a lazy, social, drunkard debtor. He as well cannot display his emotions because he doesn't want to look weak or effeminate, and when he does show any emotion, it is an uncontrollable rage. As a result of his flaws he has suffered countless tragedies, which ultimately leads to his tragic death.
Nwoye (later known as Isaac): Okonkwo’s oldest son, who Okonkwo believes is weak and lazy. Okonkwo continually beats Nwoye, hoping to correct what he sees as flaws in his personality. Influenced by Ikemefuna, Nwoye begins to exhibit more masculine behavior, which pleases Okonkwo. However, he maintains doubts about some of the laws and rules of his village and eventually converts to Christianity, an act that Okonkwo criticizes as “effeminate,” and beats him for, after which he leaves. Okonkwo believes that Nwoye is afflicted with the same weaknesses that his father, Unoka, possessed in abundance.
Ezinma: The only child of Okonkwo’s second wife, Ekwefi. As the only one of Ekwefi’s ten children to survive past infancy, Ezinma is the center of her mother’s world. Their relationship is atypical—Ezinma calls Ekwefi by her name and is treated by her as an equal. Ezinma is also Okonkwo’s favorite child, for she understands him better than any of his other children. She reminds him of Ekwefi, who was the village beauty. Okonkwo rarely demonstrates his affection, however, because he fears that doing so would make him look weak. Furthermore, he wishes that Ezinma were a boy because she would have been the perfect son.
Ikemefuna: A boy given to Okonkwo by a neighboring village. Ikemefuna lives in the hut of Okonkwo’s first wife and quickly becomes popular with Okonkwo’s children. He develops an especially close relationship with Nwoye, Okonkwo’s oldest son, who looks up to him. Okonkwo too becomes very fond of Ikemefuna, who calls him “father” and is a perfect clansman, but Okonkwo does not demonstrate his affection because he fears that doing so would make him look weak.
Mr. Brown: The first white missionary to travel to Umuofia. Mr. Brown institutes a policy of compromise, understanding, and non-aggression between his flock and the clan. He even becomes friends with prominent clansmen and builds a school and a hospital in Umuofia. Unlike Reverend Smith, he attempts to appeal respectfully to the Igbo value system rather than harshly impose his religion on it.
Reverend James Smith: The missionary who replaces Mr. Brown. Unlike Mr. Brown, Reverend Smith is uncompromising and strict. He demands that his converts reject all of their indigenous beliefs, and he shows no respect for indigenous customs or culture. He is the stereotypical white colonialist, and his behavior epitomizes the problems of colonialism. He intentionally provokes his congregation, inciting it to anger and even indirectly, through Enoch, encouraging some fairly serious transgressions.
Uchendu: The younger brother of Okonkwo’s mother. Uchendu receives Okonkwo and his family warmly when they travel to Mbanta, and he advises Okonkwo to be grateful for the comfort that his motherland offers him lest he anger the dead—especially his mother, who is buried there. Uchendu himself has suffered—all but one of his six wives are dead and he has buried twenty-two children. He is a peaceful, compromising man and functions as a foil (a character whose emotions or actions highlight, by means of contrast, the emotions or actions of another character) to Okonkwo, who acts impetuously and without thinking.
The District Commissioner An authority figure in the white colonial government in Nigeria. The prototypical racist colonialist, the District Commissioner thinks that he understands everything about native African customs and cultures and he has no respect for them. He plans to work his experiences into an ethnographic study on local African tribes, the idea of which embodies his dehumanizing and reductive attitude toward race relations.
Unoka: Okonkwo’s father, of whom Okonkwo has been ashamed since childhood. By the standards of the clan, Unoka was a coward and a spendthrift. He never took a title in his life, he borrowed money from his clansmen, and he rarely repaid his debts. He never became a warrior because he feared the sight of blood. Moreover, he died of an abominable illness. On the positive side, Unoka appears to have been a talented musician and gentle, if idle. He may well have been a dreamer, ill-suited to the entrenchant culture into which he was born. The novel opens ten years after his death.
Obierika: Okonkwo’s close friend, whose daughter’s wedding provides cause for festivity early in the novel. Obierika looks out for his friend, selling Okonkwo’s yams to ensure that Okonkwo won’t suffer financial ruin while in exile and comforting Okonkwo when he is depressed. Like Nwoye, Obierika questions some of the Igbo traditional structures.
Ekwefi: Okonkwo’s second wife, once the village beauty. Ekwefi ran away from her first husband to live with Okonkwo. Ezinma is her only surviving child, her other nine having died in infancy, and Ekwefi constantly fears that she will lose Ezinma as well. Ekwefi is good friends with Chielo, the priestess of the goddess Agbala.
Enoch: A fanatical convert to the Christian church in Umuofia. Enoch’s disrespectful act of ripping the mask off an egwugwu during an annual ceremony to honor the earth deity leads to the climactic clash between the indigenous and colonial justice systems. While Mr. Brown, early on, keeps Enoch in check in the interest of community harmony, Reverend Smith approves of his zealotry.
Ogbuefi Ezeudu: The oldest man in the village and one of the most important clan elders and leaders. Ogbuefi Ezeudu was a great warrior in his youth and now delivers messages from the Oracle.
Chielo: A priestess in Umuofia who is dedicated to the Oracle of the goddess Agbala. Chielo is a widow with two children. She is good friends with Ekwefi and is fond of Ezinma, whom she calls “my daughter.” At one point, she carries Ezinma on her back for miles in order to help purify her and appease the gods.
Akunna: A clan leader of Umuofia. Akunna and Mr. Brown discuss their religious beliefs peacefully, and Akunna’s influence on the missionary advances Mr. Brown’s strategy for converting the largest number of clansmen by working with, rather than against, their belief system. In so doing, however, Akunna formulates an articulate and rational defense of his religious system and draws some striking parallels between his style of worship and that of the Christian missionaries.
Nwakibie: A wealthy clansmen who takes a chance on Okonkwo by lending him 800 seed yams—twice the number for which Okonkwo asks. Nwakibie thereby helps Okonkwo build up the beginnings of his personal wealth, status, and independence.
Mr. Kiaga: The native-turned-Christian missionary who arrives in Mbanta and converts Nwoye and many others.
Okagbue Uyanwa: A famous medicine man whom Okonkwo summons for help in dealing with Ezinma’s health problems.
Maduka: Obierika’s son. Maduka wins a wrestling contest in his mid-teens. Okonkwo wishes he had promising, manly sons like Maduka.
Obiageli: The daughter of Okonkwo’s first wife. Although Obiageli is close to Ezinma in age, Ezinma has a great deal of influence over her.
Ojiugo: Okonkwo’s third and youngest wife, and the mother of Nkechi. Okonkwo beats Ojiugo during the week of peace after she is late bringing in his dinner, and is fined.

[edit]Themes and motifs

Themes throughout the novel include change, loneliness, abandonment, and fear:
  1. Individuals derive strength from their society, and societies derive strength from the individuals who belong to them. In Things Fall Apart, Okonkwo builds his fortune and strength with the help of his society's customs. Likewise, Okonkwo's society benefits from his hard work and determination.
  2. In contacts between other cultures, beliefs about superiority or inferiority, due to limited and partial world view, are invariably wrong-headed and destructive . When new cultures and religions meet, there is likely to be a struggle for dominance. For example, the Christians and Okonkwo's people have a limited view of each other, and have a very difficult time understanding and accepting one another's customs and beliefs, resulting in violence as with the destruction of a local church and Okonkwo's killing of the messenger.
  3. In spite of innumerable opportunities for understanding, people must strive to communicate. For example, Okonkwo and his son, Nwoye have a difficult time understanding one another because they hold different values. On the other hand, Okonkwo spends more time with Ikemefuna and develops a deeper relationship that seems to go beyond cultural restraints.
  4. A social value—such as individual ambition—which is constructive when balanced by other values, can become destructive when overemphasized at the expense of other values. For example, Okonkwo values tradition so highly that he cannot accept change. (It may be more accurate to say he values tradition because of the high cost he has paid to uphold it, i.e. killing Ikemefuna and moving to Mbanta). The Christian teachings render these large sacrifices on his part meaningless. The distress over the loss of tradition, whether driven by his love of the tradition or the meaning of his sacrifices to it, can be seen as the main reasons for his suicide.
  5. There is no such thing as a static culture; change is continual, and flexibility is necessary for successful adaptation. Because Okonkwo cannot accept the change the Christians bring, he cannot adapt.[3]
  6. The struggle between change and tradition is constant; however, this statement only appears to apply to Okonkwo. Change can very well be accepted, as evidenced by how the people of Umuofia refused to join Okonkwo as he struck down the white man at the end. Perhaps Okonkwo is not so much bothered by change, but the idea of losing everything he had built up - his fortune, fame, title, etc. that will be replaced by new customs. It is evidenced throughout the book that he cares for these things, especially his mentions of a lack of a "respectable" father figure from whom he could have inherited them from.[3] A second interpretation is apparent with Okonkwo's static behavior to cultural change. His suicide can be seen as a final attempt to show to the people of Umuofia the results of a clash between cultures and as a means for the Igbo culture to be upheld. In the same way that his father's failure motivated Okonkwo to reach a high standing within Igbo culture and society, Okonkwo's suicide leads Obierika and fellow Umuofia men to recognize the long held custom of not burying a man who commits suicide and perform the associated rituals with his death. This interpretation is further emphasized with Obierika's comment on Okonkwo as a great man driven to kill himself, likely as a result of the loss of tradition. His killing of the messenger and subsequent suicide continues the internal struggle between change and tradition.
  7. The role of culture in society. With the death of Ikemefuna, Okonkwo's expulsion due to causes beyond his control, and the journey of Ezinma with Chielo, Achebe questions, particularly through Obierika, whether adherence to culture is for the better of society, when it has caused many hardships and sacrifices on the part of Okonkwo and his family.
  8. Definitions of masculinity vary throughout different societies. In this case, Okonkwo views aggression and action as masculinity.
  9. Notion of success and failure. Okonkwo's personal ambition to avoid a life of complacency like his father, Unoka, leads to his high ranking and affluence in the community. He ardently tries to avoid failure. The notion of failure correlates with the idea of change in Umuofia and a shift in cultural values. Failure, for Okonkwo, is societal reform. Hence Okonkwo's drastic and at times erratic action against anything foreign or not masculine.
  10. Through the Achebe’s use of language, he is successful in demonstrating (and attesting to) Africa’s rich and unique culture. By integrating traditional Igbo words (e.g. egwugwu, or the spirits of the ancestor’s of Nigerian tribes), folktales, and songs into English sentences, the author is successful in proving that African languages aren’t incomprehensible, although they are often too complex for direct translation into English. Additionally, the author is successful in verifying that each of the continent’s languages are unique, as Mr. Brown’s African translator is ridiculed after his misinterpretation of an Igbo word.

[edit]Literary significance and reception

Things Fall Apart is a milestone in African literature. It has achieved the status of the archetypal modern African novel in English,[4] and is read in Nigeria and throughout Africa. It is studied widely in Europe and North America, where it has spawned numerous secondary and tertiary analytical works. It has achieved similar status and repute in India and Australia.[4] Considered Achebe's magnum opus, it has sold more than 8 million copies worldwide.[5]Time Magazine included the novel in its TIME 100 Best English-language Novels from 1923 to 2005.[6]
Achebe’s writing about African society, by telling from an African point of view the story of the colonization of the Igbo, tends to extinguish the misconception that African culture had been savage and primitive. In Things Fall Apart, western culture is portrayed as being “arrogant and ethnocentric," insisting that the African culture needed a leader. As it had no kings or chiefs, Umofian culture was vulnerable to invasion by western civilization. It is felt that the repression of the Igbo language at the end of the novel contributes greatly to the destruction of the culture. Although Achebe favors the African culture of the pre-western society, the author attributes its destruction to the “weaknesses within the native structure.” Achebe portrays the culture as having a religion, a government, a system of money, and an artistic tradition, as well as a judicial system.[7]
Achebe named Things Fall Apart from a line in William Butler Yeats's "The Second Coming," thus tying in the meaning of the poem itself. The missionaries' arrival begins the downfall of traditional Igbo society. This downfall destroys the Igbo way of life, leading to the death of Okonkwo, who was once a hero of the village.
Things Fall Apart has been called a modern Greek tragedy. It has the same plot elements as a Greek tragedy, including the use of a tragic hero, the following of the string model, etc. Okonkwo is a classic tragic hero, even though the story is set in more modern times. He shows multiple hamartia, including hubris (pride) and ate (rashness), and these character traits do lead to his peripeteia, or reversal of fortune, and his downfall at the end of the novel. He is distressed by social changes brought by white men, because he has worked so hard to move up in the traditional society. This position is at risk due to the arrival of a new values system. Those who commit suicide lose their place in the ancestor-worshipping traditional society, to the extent that they may not even be touched to give a proper burial. The irony is that Okonkwo completely loses his standing in both value systems. Okonkwo truly has good intentions, but his need to feel in control and his fear that other men will sense weakness in him drive him to make decisions, whether consciously or subconsciously, that he regrets as he progresses through his life.[8]

[edit]Language

Achebe writes his novels in English because written Standard Ibo was created by mixing the various languages, creating a stilted written form. In an interview for The Paris Review by James Brooks in 1994, Achebe says, "the novel form seems to go with the English language. There is a problem with the Igbo language. It suffers from a very serious inheritance, which it received at the beginning of this century from the Anglican mission. They sent out a missionary by the name of Dennis. Archdeacon Dennis. He was a scholar. He had this notion that the Igbo language—which had very many different dialects—should somehow manufacture a uniform dialect that would be used in writing to avoid all these different dialects. Because the missionaries were powerful, what they wanted to do they did. This became the law. But the standard version cannot sing. There’s nothing you can do with it to make it sing. It’s heavy. It’s wooden. It doesn’t go anywhere."

[edit]Aspects of Gender

Gender differentiation is seen in Igbo classification of crimes. The narrator of Things Fall Apart states that "The crime [of killing Ezeudu's son] was of two kinds, male and female. Okonkwo had committed the female because it was an accident. He would be allowed to return to the clan after seven years."[9] Okonkwo fled to the land of his mother, Mbanta, because a man finds refuge with his mother. Uchendu explains this to Okonkwo:
"It is true that a child belongs to his father. But when the father beats his child, it seeks sympathy in its mother's hut. A man belongs to his fatherland when things are good and life is sweet. But when there is sorrow and bitterness, he finds refuge in his motherland. Your mother is there to protect you. She is buried there. And that is why we say that mother is supreme."[10]
Women are understated throughout Things Fall Apart. A crucial element of the story is that the elements within represent the cultural aspects of the igbo society, its culture and traditions. As such, it can be argued that the infrequent mentions of wives in the story of Things Fall Apart, can be taken as a statement of the limited value of women The mentioning of wives purely as the bearers of children can then be taken as a statement that women are actually nothing more than tools of reproduction. The fact that the number of wives you have affects social status further depicts women as possessions of the men. The fact that the men are free to beat their wives also adds to this idea. Okonkwo wishing that his favorite child, Enzima, was a boy further reveals in the inequality between the genders in Nigeria at the time.

[edit]References to history

The events of the novel unfold around the 1890s.[4] The majority of the story takes place in the village of Umuofia, located west of the actual Onitsha, on the east bank of the Niger River in Nigeria.[4] The culture depicted is similar to that of Achebe's birthplace of Ogidi, where Igbo-speaking people lived together in groups of independent villages ruled by titled elders. The customs described in the novel mirror those of the actual Onitsha people, who lived near Ogidi, and with whom Achebe was familiar.
Within forty years of the British arrival, by the time Achebe was born in 1930, the missionaries were well-established. Achebe's father was among the first to be converted in Ogidi, around the turn of the century. Achebe himself was an orphan, so it can safely be said the character of Nwoye, who joins the church because of a conflict with his father, is not meant to represent the author.[4] Achebe was raised by his grandfather. His grandfather, far from opposing Achebe's conversion to Christianity, allowed Achebe's Christian marriage to be celebrated in his compound.[4]

[edit]Political structures in the novel

Prior to British colonization, the Igbo people as featured in Things Fall Apart, lived in a patriarchal collective political system. Decisions were not made by a chief or by any individual but were rather decided by a council of male elders. Religious leaders were also called upon to settle debates reflecting the cultural focus of the Igbo people. The Portuguese were the first Europeans to explore Nigeria. Though the Portuguese are not mentioned by Achebe, the remaining influence of the Portuguese can be seen in many Nigerian surnames. The British entered Nigeria first through trade and then established The Royal Niger Colony in 1886. The success of the colony led to Nigeria becoming a British protectorate in 1901. The arrival of the British slowly began to deteriorate the traditional society. The British government would intervene in tribal disputes rather than allowing the Igbo to settle issues in a traditional manner. The frustration caused by these shifts in power is illustrated by the struggle of the protagonist Okonkwo in the second half of the novel Things Fall Apart.

[edit]Film, television, and theatrical adaptations

A dramatic radio program called Okonkwo was made of the novel in April 1961 by the Nigerian Broadcasting Corporation. It featured Wole Soyinka in a supporting role.[11]
In 1987, the book was made into a very successful mini series directed by David Orere and broadcast on Nigerian television by the NTA (Nigerian Television Authority). It starred movie veterans like Pete Edochie, Nkem Owoh and Sam Loco.

[edit]References in popular culture

[edit]See also

[edit]Footnotes

  1. ^Washington State University study guide
  2. ^Newsweek's Top 100 Books: The Meta-List, LibraryThing
  3. ^ ab"Things Fall Apart, Chinua Achebe: Introduction." Contemporary Literary Criticism. Ed. Jeffrey W. Hunter. Vol. 152. Gale Cengage, 2002. eNotes.com. 2006. 12 Jan, 2009 <[1]>
  4. ^ abcdefKwame Anthony Appiah (1992), "Introduction" to the Everyman's Library edition.
  5. ^Random House Teacher's Guide
  6. ^ALL TIME 100 Novels, Time magazine
  7. ^ www.cliffnotes.com. Set in 1880s, in the Nigerian village of Umuofia, before missionaries and other outsiders had arrived, Things Fall Apart tells the story of the struggles, trials, and the eventual destruction of its main character, Okonkwo. His rise to prominence and his eventual fall acts as a metaphor reflecting the plight of the Umuofia native people. Play the story forward until the mid 1950’s, when it was written, and expand it to represent an African culture entirely subordinate to Western influence, and the scope and reach of the book is revealed.
  8. ^ Achebe, Chinua. Things Fall Apart. EMC Corporation. 2004. Noodle
  9. ^ Achebe, Chinua. Things Fall Apart. New York: First Anchor Books, 1994.
  10. ^ Achebe, Chinua. Things Fall Apart. EMC Corporation. 2003.
  11. ^ Ezenwa-Ohaeto (1997). Chinua Achebe: A Biography Bloomington: Indiana University Press. ISBN 0-253-33342-3. P. 81.

[edit]External links

"The Woodlanders" by Thomas Hardy

林鄉人
原書名: The Woodlanders
原作者:托馬斯·哈代(Thomas Hardy)
原語種:英語
原書版權:公有領域
本書簡介
Non era ancor di là Nesso arrivato, 還未達到彼岸, quando noi ci mettemmo per un bosco 我們就走入一片 che da neun sentiero era segnato, 看不到路的林。 non pomi v'eran, ma stecchi con tòsco. 樹上沒有果,只有毒刺如針。——但丁《神曲-地獄篇-第七圈- 自殺者的樹林》人說婚姻是愛情的墳墓,可是“我者”即地獄。'Not boskiest bow'r, “若枝不連理, When hearts are ill affin'd, 縱是最濃的蔭叢, Hath tree of pow'r 也無樹株的力 To shelter from the wind!'避那吹到的風!”——《林鄉人》題詩哈代本人最鍾愛的作品。土豆同名電影 http://www.tudou.com/programs/view/0lhsIGHdf8c/本書推薦人:@StephanieSays @unicorn56
作者簡介
************招募負責人及1-12章譯者。*************** 伍爾夫稱他是“英國小說中最偉大的悲劇大師”。韋伯稱他是“英國小說中的莎士比亞”。文學史上的“現代詩歌之父”。托馬斯•哈代(Thomas Hardy, 1840-1928)是英國文學史上的又一座豐碑。他的創作為他在世界文學中奠定了不朽的地位,使他成為同莎士比亞、狄更斯等世界著名作家齊名的人物。他是橫跨兩個世紀的作家,早期和中期的創作以小說為主,繼承和發揚了維多利亞時代的文學傳統;晚年以其出色的詩歌開拓了英國20世紀的文學。



《林中居民》是哈代威塞克斯系列小說之一。小說背景取自於一個遠離塵囂、與世隔絕的偏僻林地——小欣托克(Little Hintock)。乍一看來,《林中居民》描述的是幾個年輕人的感情糾葛,但細細品味,卻可見在小說的構思及人物塑造方面,貫穿著一條充滿著生態意識的主線。從小說的背景、主要人物的描述,甚至開篇與結尾都使人強烈地感受到那種有形的及潛在的大自然的力量。人無可避免地被打上了自然環境的烙印。人受制於自然環境而無法掙脫。可以說,這部小說中的主要人物都具有某種象徵意義。哈代展現在我們面前的是小欣托克那種人、動物及植物共同支撐起的生動的生活。人與自然相互依存的氛圍瀰漫於全書。在哈代的時代,工業革命的步伐已經加速,因此在《林中居民》中,我們還可以感受到作者對正在離去的英格蘭鄉土風情,那種與自然同步的淳樸民風的留戀。哈代的《林中居民》給了我們一個機會去再訪現代人鮮見的生機勃勃的生態社區:那些由人類、動物及植物共同打造的活生生的生活。[1]
“It often happens that in situations of unrestraint, where there is no thought of the eye of criticism, real feeling glides into a mode of manifestation not easily distinguishable from rodomontade. A veneer of affectation overlies a bulk of truth, with the evil consequence, if perceived, that the substance is estimated by the superficies, and the whole rejected.”
― from "The Woodlanders" by Thomas Hardy
Grace Melbury is promised to her longtime companion, Giles Winterborne, a local woodlander and a gentle, steadfast man. When her socially motivated father pressures her to wed the ambitious doctor Edred Fitzpiers, Grace’s loyalties shift—and her decision leads to tumultuous consequences. Set in the secluded forest community of Little Hintock, Thomas Hardy’s The Woodlanders inextricably links the dramatic English landscape with the story of a woman caught between two rivals of radically different social statures.


《偶像的黃昏》《查拉圖斯特拉如是說》/ 《悲劇的誕生》等 Thus Spoke Zarathustra: A Book for All and None


“Man is something that shall be overcome. Man is a rope,tied between beast and overman - a rope over an abyss.What is great in man is that he is a bridge and not an end.”
― Friedrich Nietzsche, Thus Spoke Zarathustra




"We must think of men who are cruel today as stages of earlier cultures, which have been left over... They show us what we all were, and frighten us. But they themselves are as little responsible as a piece of granite for being granite."
--from "On the History of Moral Feelings" in "Human, All Too Human: A Book for Free Spirits" (1878)



Friedrich Nietzsche died in Weimar, Saxony, German Empire on this day in 1900 (aged 55).
"God is dead; but given the way of men, there may still be caves for thousands of years in which his shadow will be shown. — And we — we still have to vanquish his shadow, too."
--from The Gay Science (1882)




尼采鋼琴作品
https://www.youtube.com/watch?list=PLcmaziH9sW6PYVcO6Kx7GtOrcDML58C0o&t=30&v=KnXB-zTrxgM
Hear Friedrich Nietzsche’s Classical Piano Compositions: They’re Aphoristic Like His Philosophy

in Music, Philosophy| June 11th, 2015
人很容易遺忘,必須常溫故。昨天談胡適之先生引魯迅譯的尼采。
今天查一下我1977年在英國買的企鵝版,發現我在引文處有畫線,寫記號:
In truth, man is a polluted river. One must be a sea, to receive a polluted river and not be defiled.
Behold, I teach you the Superman: he is this sea, in him your great contempt can go under.


......我又願中國青年都只是向上走,不必理會這冷笑和暗箭。尼采說:

「真的,人是一個濁流。應該是海了,能容這濁流使他乾淨。

「咄,我教你們超人:這便是海,在他這裡,能容下你們的大侮蔑。」(《札拉圖如是說》的《序言》第三節)

縱令不過一窪淺水,也可以學學大海;橫堅都是水,可以相通。幾粒石子,任他們暗地裡擲來;幾滴穢水,任他們從背後潑來就是了。

"Aftersong" by Friedrich Nietzsche
O noon of life! A time to celebrate!
Oh garden of summer!
Restless happiness in standing, gazing, waiting:—
I wait for friends, ready day and night.
You friends, where are you? Come! It's time! It's time!
Was it not for you that the glacier's grayness
today decked itself with roses?
The stream is seeking you, and wind and clouds
with yearning push themselves higher into the blue today
to look for you from the furthest bird's eye view.
For you my table has been set at the highest point.
Who lives so near the stars?
Who's so near the furthest reaches of the bleak abyss?
My realm—what realm has stretched so far?
And my honey—who has tasted that? ...
There you are, my friends! —Alas, so I'm not the man,
not the one you're looking for?
You hesitate, surprised! —Ah, your anger would be better!
Am I no more the one? A changed hand, pace, and face?
And what am I—for you friends am I not the one?
Have I become another? A stranger to myself?
Have I sprung from myself?
A wrestler who overcame himself so often?
Too often pulling against his very own power,
wounded and checked by his own victory?
I looked where the wind blows most keenly?
I learned to live
where no one lives, in deserted icy lands,
forgot men and god, curse and prayer?
Became a ghost that moves over the glaciers?
—You old friends! Look! Now your gaze is pale,
full of love and horror!
No, be off! Do not rage! You can't live here:
here between the furthest realms of ice and rock—
here one must be a hunter, like a chamois.
I've become a wicket hunter! See, how deep
my bow extends!
It was the strongest man who made such a pull—
Woe betide you! The arrow is dangerous—
like no arrow—away from here! For your own good! ...
You're turning around? —O heart, you deceive enough,
your hopes stayed strong:
hold your door open for new friends!
Let the old ones go! Let go the memory!
Once you were young, now—you are even younger!
What bound us then, a band of one hope—
who reads the signs,
love once etched there—still pale?
I compare it to parchment which the hand
fears to touch—like that discoloured, burned.
No more friends—they are... But how can I name that? —
Just friendly ghosts!
That knocks for me at night on my window and my heart,
that looks at me and says, 'But we were friends? '—
—O shrivelled word, once fragrant as a rose!
O youthful longing which misunderstands itself!
Those yearned for,
whom I imagined changed to my own kin,
they have grown old, have exiled themselves.
Only the one who changes stays in touch with me.
O noon of life! A second youthful time!
O summer garden!
Restless happiness in standing, gazing, waiting!
I wait for friends, ready day and night.
You friends, where are you? Come! It's time! It's time
The song is done—the sweet cry of yearning
died in my mouth:
A magician did it, a friend at the right hour,
a noontime friend—no! Do not ask who it might be—
it was at noon when one turned into two....
Now we celebrate, certain of victory, united,
the feast of feasts:
friend Zarathustra came, the guest of guests!
Now the world laughs, the horror curtain splits,
the wedding came for light and darkness....

 前幾天,找不到王國維引尼采說喜歡看"用血淚寫的書"之出處......



編注或譯注都可能是空炮彈
關於尼采的讀者的故事很多,聽說德國有位大學教授老實說過,您怎麼能讀懂《查拉圖斯特拉如事說》呢? 我都讀不懂。
中國商務印書館正在出版德語的15卷《尼采全集》,所以漢譯本既有原編註,又有漢譯者註。可惜,詩人尼采過於博學和簡略,譬如說他一整段將19世紀的歐洲學者各編出代表性論斷句,這時可能德文版和商務版,都無法讓讀者讀懂尼采的立論點。《偶像的黃昏一個不合時宜者的漫遊第一章(北京;商務印書館,2013,頁53
又,『文化成熟和甜美』之甜美是否是英國的light and sweet等的說法?

“I am a forest, and a night of dark trees: but he who is not afraid of my darkness, will find banks full of roses under my cypresses.”
― Friedrich Nietzsche, Thus Spoke Zarathustra

Wikipedia 只英文版將此書的副標題也翻譯出
Thus Spoke Zarathustra: A Book for All and None (German: Also sprach Zarathustra: Ein Buch für Alle und Keinen) (also translated as Thus Spake Zarathustra) is a philosophical novel by German philosopher Friedrich Nietzsche, composed in four parts between 1883 and 1885. Much of the work deals with ideas such as the "eternal recurrence of the same", the parable on the "death of God", and the "prophecy" of the Übermensch, which were first introduced in The Gay Science.[1]


查拉圖斯特拉如是說》(德語Also sprach Zarathustra),徐梵澄譯本譯為《蘇魯支語錄》、魯迅最初翻譯為《察羅堵斯德羅緒言》,是德國哲學家尼采假託古波斯祆教創始人查拉圖斯特拉(又譯瑣羅亞斯德)之口於1885年寫作完成的書,是哲學史上最著名的哲學書籍之一,被譽為超人的聖經。

查拉圖斯特拉如是說(詳注本)

[[Thus Spoke Zarathustra: A Book for Everyone and No One (1961, trans. Hollingdale). Please note that Kaufmann is the translator of the slightly different titled Thus Spoke Zarathustra: A Book for All and None]]
Reginald John Hollingdale (October 201930 – September 282001) was best known as a biographer and a translator of German philosophy and literature, especially the works of Friedrich NietzscheGoetheE.T.A. HoffmannG. C. Lichtenberg, and Schopenhauer.

----
“Thus I spoke, more and more softly; for I was afraid of my own thoughts and the thoughts behind my thoughts.”
― Friedrich Nietzsche


"查拉圖斯特拉如是說(詳注本)"
缺點
學者之導論
原文的斜體字等
有些地點翻譯可商榷
譬如說p. 25 "使脾臟發炎"不如 "讓人生氣 壞脾氣" EXCITE SPLEEN


容簡介



本書是尼采假借查拉圖斯特拉之名說出他自己的哲學思想,也可以說是一本查拉圖斯特拉的說教集或者說是查拉圖斯特拉的行藏錄,又有點像聖者傳一類的書,但這位聖者並不是宗教的聖者,而且本書並不像一般宗教書那樣枯燥乏味,卻具有極高文學價值的散文詩。

本書的主人公查拉圖斯特拉(約前七至前六世紀)為波斯瑣羅亞斯德教的創建人。在希臘語中稱Zoroaster,在《(矢曾)得亞吠陀》(《阿維斯陀注 釋》)中稱Zarathustra,意為“像老駱駝那樣的男子”或“駱駝的駕馭者”。我國宋姚寬《西溪叢語》卷上和宋僧志子磐《佛祖統記》中譯作蘇魯支。 他創立的教派主張善惡二元論,認為宇宙間有善與惡、光明與黑暗兩種力量在斗爭,即善神阿胡拉‧瑪茲達(Ahura Mazda,希臘語作奧爾穆茲德Ormuzd)和惡神安格拉‧曼紐(Angra Mainyu,希臘語作阿利曼Ahriman)。而火是善和光明的代表,故以禮拜“聖火”為主要儀式。公元前六世紀末大流士一世統治期間,該教被定為波斯 帝國國教。七世紀阿拉伯人征服波斯後,隨著伊斯蘭教的傳播,該教在波斯本土始逐漸衰落。六世紀南北朝時,該教傳入我國,北魏、北齊、北周的皇帝都曾帶頭奉 祀。隋唐時東西兩京都建立襖祠。北宋末南宋初在(ハ卞)梁、鎮江、揚州等地還有襖祠。宋以後,我國史籍不再提及。該教在我國稱為襖教、火襖教、火教、拜火 教或波斯教,其宗教經典為《亞吠陀》(Avesta,阿維斯陀)。

尼采偽托查拉圖斯特拉的大名寫成本書,未免有侵犯他人姓名權之嫌,其實本書應稱《尼采如是說》,因為他在本書中所說的大道理,跟查氏毫不搭界,乃是尼采一 家之言。他在《看這個人》中寫道︰《查拉圖斯特拉》“這部作品的基本構想是永遠回歸思想,是1881年8月誕生的,那一天作者在希爾瓦曾拉納湖畔的森林中 散步︰在距離蘇萊村不遠的一座像金字塔般聳立的巨大岩石旁邊,作者停了下來,那時作者萌起這個思想。如果作者從那一天往下推算,算到,突破進入分娩期的 1883年2月,那麼,《查拉圖斯特拉》的妊娠期算出是十八個月。”

目錄
譯者前言
查拉圖斯特拉如是說
第一部
查拉圖斯特拉的前言
查拉圖斯特拉的說教
三段變化
道德的講座
背後世界論者
輕視肉體者
快樂的熱情和痛苦的熱情
蒼白的犯罪者
讀和寫
山上的樹
死亡的說教者
戰斗與戰士
新的偶像
市場的蒼蠅
貞潔
朋友
一千個目標和一個目標
愛鄰
創造者的道路
年老的和年輕的女人
毒蛇的咬傷
孩子和結婚
自願的死
贈予的道德
第二部
拿著鏡子的小孩
在幸福的島嶼上
同情者
教士們
有道德的人
賤民
塔蘭圖拉毒蛛
著名的哲人
夜歌
舞蹈之歌
墳墓之歌
超越自己
崇高的人們
文化之國
無玷的認識
學者
詩人
重大的事件
預言者
拯救
處世之道
最寂靜的時刻
第三部
第四部
譯後記

 专访翻译家钱春绮:冷兵器时代的博学
   
  云也退  
  
  
  “查拉图斯特拉在长期孤独之后,精神充沛,想下山前往人世间,做个像太阳一样的施予者。”
  
  “《路加福音》3,23:‘耶稣开头传道,年纪约有三十岁。’”
  
  “鹰象征高傲,蛇象征智慧。”
  
  “智者抛弃他的智者意识,自觉自己的无知,而成为受教者,故能乐其愚。贫者的心感到有受教的必要而豁然开朗,这就是他的富有。换言之,即智者和贫者都乐于接受查拉图斯特拉的教言。”
  
  
  翔实的注解布满了三联书店去年12月版的《查拉图斯特拉如是说》内文。几乎每页都有注,几乎每注皆透出老到的点校笔法和扎实的考据功夫。《查 拉》在德国本土拥有不同的注释本积十累百,相关的解读著作更是不计其数,但进入中国以后,不管是徐梵澄译本还是尹溟译本俱失之无注,最新版的中国人民大学 杨恒达教授的译本下了大力气,惜乎也只有寥寥几个注释。
  
  钱春绮老先生用了多久加的这些注释,他自己也说不清。重要的是,这部在他83岁时接下的翻译任务终于顺利修成正果了,不到30万字的书,他加 了五六万字的注解,天晓得尼采的这部旷世天书是怎么被一位偏居上海市北一隅的老人给译到如此程度的。爱读文学译作尤其是外国诗歌的人没有几个不知道钱春绮 的大名,但是,有谁能够想象,这位不懂上网、不会电脑打字、大门不出二门不迈、完全保留着“冷兵器时代”的工作方式的翻译大家,至今还保持着如此旺盛的思 想活力,还没有享尽竟日伏案笔耕之乐?
  
  钱老的房间乱作一团,百科全书、词典、各种原版诗集和译著五方杂处。老伴去世以后,他的生活节奏并没有发生太大的变化,乱的依然乱着,规整有序的依然规整有序——他的头脑,他一辈子不曾改变的心境。
  ▲钱老,您翻译的海涅当年能拿到8000元稿酬,这在五六十年代可是一个天文数字了吧?
  
  △呵,是啊,你要知道,我当时从医院辞职(钱老本行是学医的,毕业之后先后在医院的皮肤病科和耳鼻喉科工作过),在别人看来简直不可思议:国家医院,那是铁饭碗哪。但是我不担心,我喜欢翻译,相信我完全能靠稿费养活自己。
  
  
  ▲您选择做您热爱的工作……或者说,选择了自由,但是现在翻译稿费可少多了。
  
  △这是个普遍现象,不过,《查拉》的稿费还是不少的,一千字有一百元吧。所以也不要总责怪现在的译者不认真,不肯加注——加注多累啊,辛辛苦苦加了一堆注,字也没多算多少;再说出版社也要控制成本,你的字多了,他们的开支也大。   
  
  ▲所以我们才越发觉得您不容易啊。《查拉》好歹还是近几年翻译的,我读您的《恶之花 巴黎的忧郁》,那书的翻译年头在二三十年前,可是您几乎在《巴黎的忧郁》的每一条散文诗下面都加了注,有关于比较阅读的提示,有关于爱伦·坡等人对波德莱 尔的影响的提示,有关于波氏作品某个母题的提示,非常专业。您是查了很多资料呢,还是真的如此博学?
  
  △当然是要靠多读别人的书啊。其实我引的都是别人的观点,我读了许多国外的研究资料,法文的,英文的,日文的,德文的,很多很多。像《浮士德》这样的书,德文原版下面的注释比正文要多一倍以上,必须这样,我总是努力往那个方向靠拢。
  
  ▲您哪儿来的这么多参考资料呢?您可是从50年代就开始翻译的吧?有家学渊源吗?
  
  △倒也说不上。是这样,1949年以后,外国人在中国待不住,一批一批都回去了,留下大量的书没法带走,那时候我买了许多,都堆在家里。后来 文化大革命,工宣队想来抓我的把柄,到我家找了一通,什么都没找到,我本身又没工作,没有罪名可以罗织,怎么办呢,就把我满屋子的外国书抄走许多,那时候 损失了有一万多本吧。   
  
  ▲这么多,可是您搜集资料、利用资料的本事着实让人叹为观止,绝对可以给现在的译者树立楷模了。
  
  △翻译水平的高低,受制于许多因素。我喜欢诗歌,14岁起就写诗,我后来翻译的绝大多数也是诗歌。译诗,当然一定要准确理解原文的意思,要有 辞书,但是我们的辞典编纂水平比国外差得很远。我翻译《查拉》时大量利用了日语辞书,日本人的辞书水准是一流的,比如德日辞典,那里面的解释就是比很多德 汉辞典精确。
  
  我举个例子,一般“palme”这个德文词,大家都译成“棕榈”。我在翻译的时候觉得有问题,因为尼采把它形容为“会跳舞的女孩”,在你的印 象中,那种下粗上细、笔直笔直的棕榈树会有“跳舞”的感觉吗?我查日语的译本,这个单词译作“椰树”,我觉得这是正解:斜着伸向海边,随着海风摇曳,那才 是跳舞女孩的模样。但是,在中文辞典里是没有“椰树”这个意思的,“椰树”的德文叫“kokospalme”。我又参考了其他日语辞书,才知道这个词在使 用中经常是略掉前半部分,只取后半部分“palme”的,在这里,就体现出我们在研究上下的功夫大不如人家了。
  
  ▲是这样……但是求得这种精确的前提是您得懂许多语言,我们都很佩服您的语言天才。
  
  △我在中学里上过德文课——那是一个非常好的中学,风气极其自由开放,在三四十年代国民党统治时期,我能在图书馆里借到批判蒋介石的书。法语 我是听广播学的,当时维希政权在上海开有一个“法国呼声”电台,用一个法语音质极为纯正的中国播音员播音。日语也是跟着电台自学的——自学,日语叫“独习 ”。  
  
  ▲我只能说,太不可思议了。
  
  △翻译就需要掌握尽可能多的语言,因为西方丰富的文化都在它丰富的语言里蕴含着。我也主张诗人译诗,我自己译诗就受益于从小的写诗训练。但问 题就在于中国诗人往往外语能力不好。照我说,要译那些经典的外国诗,应该连拉丁文都得学会,那是进入西方文化真正的核心的钥匙。还有圣经,英文、法文、日 文、德文圣经我都收藏着,一遍一遍地读,还横向比较;即使同样是中文圣经,天主教圣经和新教圣经的译名都不一样。这些东西一定要钻研,钻得越深越好。   
  
  ▲您的博学完全是古典式的:古典式的培养造就,古典式的运用,古典式的巩固和提升。除了懂这么多外语,您的中文功底又是如何打下的呢?我读您 的译诗觉得一般都相当自由,似乎不拘于格律,不像有些翻译家那样讲究音节数量的严格对应,但在您的文字的背后又看得出有深厚的古文基础在支撑。
  
  △你对私塾有了解吗?我小时候上的是私塾——不读《三字经》《百家姓》什么的,我那时读的是《论语》、《孟子》、《大学》、《左传》,虽然也 是死记硬背,但是,背诵确实是很有益处的。我最喜欢《左传》,我觉得左丘明的笔法是最经典的,他不用虚词,但是文句的意思非常畅达。当我把《左传》里的篇 目背下来之后,在翻译中那些凝练的词句会自然而然地浮现到头脑里。   
  
  ▲中西兼修,感觉您这一辈子就在书堆里充实而快乐。我注意到,您挑战的诗都是经典中的经典,特别需要下大功夫去注释。
  
  △我在中学时候就仰慕波德莱尔的大名,后来才去翻译《恶之花 巴黎的忧郁》;《浮士德》也是在中学里就读过的。我翻译这些书,很大程度上得益于大量阅读外国资料。西方人重视翻译,既讲效率又讲精确细致。比如我手头的 一个《巴黎圣母院》的英译本,每个地名、每个典故、每个历史事件都有注释。我翻译《查拉》也大量借鉴日语译本里的资料——日本人真的很有一套。   
  
  钱老的博学完全是古典式的。虽不大出门,却并非闭目塞听之人,他还知道华东师范大学出版社的尼采笺注集系列里也即将要出版一个《查拉》的笺注 本——和那个一本正经的大工程相比,钱老简直就像一个手工作坊里的劬劳野叟,在满屋子发黄的书本和散乱的纸页中摸爬,寻找他想要的答案。他译著早已等身, 但从没想过要挑战什么权威或申请一个“钱氏出品”的译著专利,事实上,正是一生近乎固执的无争无求,才成就了“钱春绮”这面略显寂寂的金字招牌。
  
  钱老的下一个主攻方向依然是德国的文学大师——我们希望他能在今年、也是他的米寿之年完成荷尔德林诗选的翻译,或可作为一种纪念,尽管他说,他这辈子还从来没有过生日的习惯。



------
悲劇的誕生孫周興 北京:商務 2012
根據的版本最完整 也參考OUP的英譯本
不過 竟然缺索引
哥德的Faust 2-3處引文對話錄一處的翻譯 都自己翻譯 忘掉其前後文
有些字詞用得很古怪




孫周興:人何以承受悲苦人生?——尼采《悲劇的誕生》譯後記 [原創 2011-5-31 7:45:09]   

  原載《文景》雜誌2011年5月號 

  弗裏德裏希·尼采(Friedrich Nietzsche,1844-1900年)二十六歲時當上了巴塞爾大學的古典語文學教授。德語區的教授位置不容易。尼采既當上了教授,就不免要顯示學問 本事。看得出來,少年得誌的尼采一開始還是蠻想做點正經學問的,花了不少硬功夫,寫下了他的第一本著作:《悲劇的誕生》(Die Geburt der Tragdie),初版於1872年。這卻是一本令專業同仁集體討厭和頭痛的書,甚至尼采自己後來也說過,這是一本“不可能的書”,寫得不夠好,但當時的 大人物理查德·瓦格納卻對它贊賞有加,在出版後一個多世紀裏,它也一直不乏閱讀者和研究者。到如今,我們若要數出尼采留給人類的少數幾本“名著”,是必定 要把這本《悲劇的誕生》算在裏面的。
  通常人們把尼采的《悲劇的誕生》視為一部美學或藝術哲學名著,這不成問題,它當然是、而且首先是一部美 學的著作,因為它主要就是討論“希臘悲劇”這個藝術樣式及其“生”與“死”的。但我想說,它更是一部一般思想史上的重要著作,而不只是美學的或文藝的。在 本書中,尼采借助於希臘悲劇來討論藝術文化的本質,推崇把“阿波羅元素”與“狄奧尼索斯元素”這兩種原始力量交集、融合起來的希臘悲劇藝術,從而建立了他 那以古典希臘為模範的宏大文化理想。也因為有了這個理想,尼采的《悲劇的誕生》表面上看來是一部“懷舊之作”,實際上卻是有直面現實和指向未來的力量。
   在十六年後寫成的“一種自我批評的嘗試”一文中,尼采說《悲劇的誕生》首次接近於他自己的一個“使命”,就是:“用藝術家的透鏡看科學,而用生命的透鏡 看藝術。”這話已經透露了尼采的思想姿態定位:審美的但不只是審美的,同時也是生命哲學的、甚至形而上學的。於是我們便可以理解,尼采在書中提出、並且多 次強調的一個最基本的命題是:“唯有作為審美現象,世界與此在(或世界之此在)才是有理由的”。(第47頁)
  同樣也在“嘗試”一文中,尼采 指明了《悲劇的誕生》的根本反對目標:古典學者對於希臘藝術和希臘人性的規定,即所謂“明朗”(Heiterkeit)(第11頁)。德語的 Heiterkeit一詞的基本含義為“明亮”和“喜悅”,英文譯本作serenity(寧靜、明朗);前有“樂天”、“達觀”之類的漢語譯名,我以為並 不妥當。尼采這裏所指,或與溫克爾曼在描述希臘古典時期雕塑作品時的著名說法“高貴的單純,靜穆的偉大”(edle Einfalt und stille Gr?e)相關,盡管後者並沒有使用Heiterkeit一詞。我們在譯本中試著把這個Heiterkeit譯為“明朗”,似未盡其“喜悅”之義,不過, 好歹中文的“朗”字也是附帶著一點歡快色彩的。另一個備選的中文譯名是“明快”,姑且放在這兒吧。
  尼采為何要反對“明朗”之說呢?“明朗” 有什麽不好嗎?尼采會認為,那是古典學者們對於希臘藝術和希臘文化的理性主義規定,是一個“科學樂觀主義”的規定,完全脫離了——歪曲了——希臘藝術文化 的真相,以及人生此在的本相。藝術理想決不是簡簡單單的“明朗”,而是二元緊張和衝突;人生此在也未必單純明快、其樂融融,而是悲喜交加的——充其量也就 是“苦中作樂”罷。怎麽能把希臘的藝術和人生看成一片喜洋洋呢?
  尼采要提出自己的藝術原理,來解決文化和人生的根本問題。眾所周知,尼采是 借助於日神阿波羅(Apollo)和酒神狄奧尼索斯(Dionysus)這兩個希臘神話形象來傳達自己的藝術觀和藝術理想的。阿波羅是造型之神、預言之 神、光明之神,表征著個體化的衝動、設立界限的衝動;狄奧尼索斯則是酒神,表征著融合和合一的衝動。展開來說,如果阿波羅標征著一種區分、揭示、開顯的力 量,那麽,狄奧尼索斯就是一種和解、消隱、歸閉的力量了,兩下構成一種對偶的關系。尼采也在生理意義上把阿波羅稱為“夢”之本能,把狄奧尼索斯稱為“醉” 之本能。
  尼采的阿波羅和狄奧尼索斯這兩個神固然來自古希臘神譜,但其思想淵源卻是被尼采稱為“哲學半神”的叔本華。有論者主張,在《悲劇的 誕生》中,叔本華是權威、隱含主題、榜樣和大師的混合。書中諸如“個體化原理”、“根據律”、“迷狂”、“摩耶之紗”之類的表述均出自叔本華。更有論者幹 脆說,“尼采的阿波羅和狄奧尼索斯……乃是直接穿著希臘外衣的表象和意誌”。這大概是比較極端的說法了,但確鑿無疑的是,《悲劇的誕生》的核心思想是由叔 本華的意誌形而上學來支撐的。
  這種學理上的姻緣和傳承關聯,我們在此可以不予深究。從情調上看,叔本華給予尼采的是一種陰冷色調,讓尼采看 到了藝術和人生的悲苦根基。在《悲劇的誕生》第三節中,尼采向我們介紹了古希臘神話中酒神狄奧尼索斯的老師和同伴西勒尼的一個格言。相傳佛吉裏亞的國王彌 達斯曾長久地四處追捕西勒尼,卻一直捉不到。終於把他捉住之後,國王便問西勒尼:對於人來說,什麽是最妙的東西呢?西勒尼默不吱聲,但最後在國王的強迫 下,只好道出了下面這番驚人之語:“可憐的短命鬼,無常憂苦之子呵,你為何要強迫我說些你最好不要聽到的話呢?那絕佳的東西是你壓根兒得不到的,那就是: 不要生下來,不要存在,要成為虛無。而對你來說次等美妙的事體便是——快快死掉。”(第35頁)對於短命的人——我們紹興鄉下人喜歡罵的“短命鬼”——來 說,“最好的”是不要出生,不要存在,“次好的”是快快死掉,那麽,“最不好的”——“最壞的”——是什麽呢?上述西勒尼的格言裏沒有明言,但言下之意當 然是:活著。
  人生哪有好事可言?人生來就是一副“苦相”——生老病死都是苦。對人來說,最糟、最壞的事就是活著。借著西勒尼的格言,尼采提 出了一個沈重無比的生命哲學的問題:活著是如此痛苦,人生是如此慘淡,我們何以承受此在?在《悲劇的誕生》中,尼采追問的是認識到了人生此在之恐怖和可怕 的希臘人,這個“如此獨一無二地能承受痛苦的民族,又怎麽能忍受人生此在呢?”(第36頁)尼采一直堅持著這個問題,只是後來進一步把它形而上學化了。在 大約十年後的《快樂的科學》第341節中,尼采首次公布了他後期的“相同者的永恒輪回”思想,其中的一個核心說法就是:“存在的永恒沙漏將不斷地反復轉 動,而你與它相比,只不過是一粒微不足道的灰塵罷了!”並且設問:“對你所做的每一件事,都有這樣一個問題:‘你還想要它,還要無數次嗎?’這個問題作為 最大的重負壓在你的行動上面!”尼采此時此刻的問題——所謂“最大的重負”——變成了如何面對倉促有限的人生的問題,彰顯的是生命有限性張力,然而從根本 上講,仍舊是與《悲劇的誕生》書中提出的生命哲學問題相貫通的,只不過,尼采這時候首次公開啟用了另一個形象,即“查拉圖斯特拉”,以之作為他後期哲思的 核心形象。
  問題已經提出,其實我們可以把它簡化為一句話:人何以承受悲苦人生?
  尼采大抵做了一個假定:不同的文化種類(形 式)都是為了解決這個人生難題,或者說是要為解決這個難題提供通道和辦法。在《悲劇的誕生》中,尼采為我們總結和分析了三種文化類型,即:“蘇格拉底文 化”、“藝術文化”和“悲劇文化”,又稱之為“理論的”、“藝術的”和“形而上學的”文化。對於這三個類型,尼采是這樣來解釋的:“有人受縛於蘇格拉底的 求知欲,以及那種以為通過知識可以救治永恒的此在創傷的妄想;也有人迷戀於在自己眼前飄動的誘人的藝術之美的面紗;又有人迷戀於那種形而上學的慰藉,認為 在現象旋渦下面永恒的生命堅不可摧,長流不息……”(第115頁)
  在上面的區分中,“蘇格拉底-理論文化”比較容易了解,尼采也把它稱為 “科學樂觀主義”,實即“知識文化”,或者我們今天了解的以歐洲-西方為主導的、已經通過技術-工業-商業席卷了全球各民族的哲學-科學文化;在現代哲學 批判意義上講,就是蘇格拉底-柏拉圖主義了。尼采說它是一種“科學精神”,是一種首先在蘇格拉底身上顯露出來的信仰,即“對自然之可探究性的信仰和對知識 之萬能功效的信仰”。(第111頁)簡言之,就是兩種相關的信仰:其一,自然是可知的;其二,知識是萬能的。不待說,這也是近代啟蒙理性精神的根本點。這 種“蘇格拉底-理論文化”類型的功效,用我們今天熟悉的語言來表達,就是要“通過知識獲得解放”了。而蘇格拉底的“知識即德性”原理,已經暴露了這種文化 類型的盲目、片面和虛妄本色。
  尼采所謂的“藝術文化”是什麽呢?難道尼采本人在《悲劇的誕生》中不是要弘揚藝術、提倡一種“藝術形而上學” 嗎?它如何區別於與“悲劇-形而上學文化”呢?我們認為,尼采這裏所說的“藝術文化”是泛指的,指他所推崇的“悲劇”之外的其他全部藝術樣式,也就是人們 通常所了解的藝術,而在尼采這裏,首先當然是“阿波羅藝術”了。這種“藝術文化”類型的功能,用我們現在的話來說,就是“通過審美獲得解放”,或者以尼采 的講法,是“在假象中獲得解救”。拿希臘來說,尼采認為,以神話為內容的希臘藝術就是希臘人為了對付和抵抗悲苦人生而創造出來的一個“假象世界”。“假 象”(Schein)為何?“假象”意味著“閃耀、閃亮”,因而是光輝燦爛的;“假象”之所以“假”,是因為“美”,是美化的結果。希臘創造的“假象世 界”就是他們的諸神世界。尼采說:“希臘人認識和感受到了人生此在的恐怖和可怕:為了終究能夠生活下去,他們不得不在這種恐怖和可怕面前設立了光輝燦爛的 奧林匹斯諸神的夢之誕生”。(第35頁)我們知道,希臘神話具有“神人同形”的特征,諸神與人類無異,好事壞事都沾邊。於是,以尼采的想法,希臘人正是通 過夢一般的藝術文化,讓諸神自己過上了人類的生活,從而就為人類此在和人類生活做出了辯護——這在尼采看來才是唯一充分的“神正論”。(第36頁)顯而易 見,旨在“通過假象獲得解放”的藝術文化也不免虛假,可以說具有自欺的性質。
  在三種文化類型中,最難以了解的是尼采本人所主張和推崇的“悲 劇-形而上學文化”。首先我們要問:“悲劇文化”何以又被叫做“形而上學文化”呢?這自然要聯系到尼采對悲劇的理解。尼采對希臘悲劇下過一個定義,即: “總是一再地在一個阿波羅形象世界裏爆發出來的狄奧尼索斯合唱歌隊。”(第62頁)希臘悲劇是兩個分離和對立的元素——阿波羅元素與狄奧尼索斯元素——的 結合或交合。在此意義上,希臘悲劇已經超越了單純的阿波羅藝術(造型藝術)與狄奧尼索斯藝術(音樂藝術),已經是一種區別於上述“藝術文化”的特殊藝術類 型了。而希臘悲劇中發生的這種二元性交合,乃緣於希臘“意誌”的一種形而上學的神奇行為,就是說,是一種“生命意誌”在發揮作用。尼采明言:“所有真正的 悲劇都以一種形而上學的慰藉來釋放我們,即是說:盡管現象千變萬化,但在事物的根本處,生命卻是牢不可破、強大而快樂的。這種慰藉具體而清晰地顯現為薩蒂 爾合唱歌隊,顯現為自然生靈的合唱歌隊;這些自然生靈仿佛無可根除地生活在所有文明的隱秘深處,盡管世代變遷、民族更替,他們卻永遠如一。”(第56頁) 在這裏,尼采賦予悲劇以一種生命/意誌形而上學的意義。“悲劇文化”這條途徑,我們不妨稱之為“通過形而上學獲得解放”。
  在尼采眼裏,前面 兩種文化類型,無論是通過“知識/理論”還是通過“審美/假象”,其實都是對“人何以承受悲苦人生?”這道藝術難題的逃避,而只有“悲劇-形而上學文化” 能夠正視人世的痛苦,通過一種形而上學的慰藉來解放悲苦人生。那麽,為何悲劇具有形而上學的意義呢?根據上述尼采的規定,悲劇具有夢(阿波羅)與醉(狄奧 尼索斯)的二元交合的特性。悲劇一方面是夢的顯現,但另一方面又是狄奧尼索斯狀態的體現,所以並非“通過假象的解救”,而倒是個體的破碎,是“個體與原始 存在的融合為一”。(第62頁)這裏所謂的“原始存在”(Ursein),尼采在準備稿中也把它書作“原始痛苦”,在正文中則更多地使用了“太一” (das Ur-Eine)一詞,實質上就是指變幻不居的現象背後堅不可摧的、永恒的生命意誌。悲劇讓人回歸原始母體,回歸原始的存在(生命/意誌)統一性,“讓人 們在現象世界的背後、並且通過現象世界的毀滅,預感到太一懷抱中一種至高的、藝術的原始快樂”。(第141頁)在這種形而上學意義上,“原始痛苦”與“原 始快樂”根本是合一的。
  尼采的《悲劇的誕生》一書實際上只是要解決一個問題:悲劇之“生”和“死”,以及悲劇死後的文化出路。或者分述之, 尼采在本書中依次要解決如下三個問題:悲劇是如何誕生的?悲劇是如何衰亡的?悲劇有可能再生嗎?而與這三個問題相關的依次是三個核心形象:狄奧尼索斯、蘇 格拉底和瓦格納。關於狄奧尼索斯與悲劇的誕生,我們已經說了個大概。至於悲劇的死因,尼采從戲劇內部抓住了歐裏庇德斯,而更主要地是從外部深揭猛批哲學家 蘇格拉底,把後者看作希臘悲劇的殺手。於是我們可以想見,在上述尼采否定的二個文化類型——“蘇格拉底-理論文化”和“藝術文化”——中,尼采更願意把 “蘇格拉底-理論文化”樹為敵人,把它與他所推崇的“悲劇-形而上學文化”對立起來。
  最後還得來說說第三個問題和第三個形象。悲劇死後怎麽 辦?悲劇有可能再生嗎?怎麽再生?在哪兒再生?這是尼采在《悲劇的誕生》一書後半部分所討論的主要課題。尼采寄望於德國哲學和德國音樂。在德國哲學方面, 尼采痛快地表揚了哲學家康德、叔本華,說兩者認識到了知識的限度,戰勝了隱藏在邏輯之本質中的、構成我們文化之根基的“樂觀主義”,甚至於說他們開創了一 種用概念來表達的“狄奧尼索斯智慧”。(第128頁)而在德國音樂方面,尼采指出了從巴赫到貝多芬、從貝多芬到瓦格納的“強大而輝煌的歷程”。(第127 頁)尼采把悲劇的再生與德國神話的再生聯系起來,更讓我們看出瓦格納對他的決定性影響。我們知道,尼采把《悲劇的誕生》一書題獻給理查德·瓦格納,盡管在 該書正文中,瓦格納這個名字只出現了少數幾次,但瓦格納是作為一個隱而不顯的形象潛伏於尼采的論述中的。現在,尼采認為,瓦格納正在喚醒“德國精神”—— “有朝一日,德國精神會一覺醒來,酣睡之後朝氣勃發:然後它將斬蛟龍,滅小人,喚醒布倫希爾德——便是沃坦的長矛,也阻止不了它的前進之路!”(第154 頁)這話當然讓瓦格納喜歡,因為它差不多已經把瓦格納當作“德國精神”的領袖了。
  不過,這般大話卻讓後來的尼采深感羞愧。在“一種自我批判 的嘗試”中,尼采把他在《悲劇的誕生》一書中對“德國精神”的推崇和贊美引為一大憾事。好好的討論著希臘悲劇,竟講到“德國精神”那兒去了,看起來也算是 有了一種當下關懷和愛國情緒,但結果卻不妙,是敗壞了“偉大的希臘問題”。尼采此時坦承:“在無可指望的地方,在一切皆太過清晰地指向終結的地方,我卻生 出了希望!我根據近來的德國音樂開始編造‘德國精神’,仿佛它正好在發現自己、重新尋獲自己似的……”(第20頁)看得出來,尼采這番告白不光有自責,更 是話裏有話,有含沙射影地攻擊瓦格納的意味了。
  ——當然,這已經是十六年之後,是與瓦格納決裂後的尼采了。
  
  2010年11月18日記於香港道風山
  2011年3月22日再記於滬上新鳳城

*****

沒讀過:

悲劇的誕生 Die Geburt der Tragodie


 如果要舉出一本書,一方面可以靜態地代表尼釆思想的基本關懷,一方面又可以動態地貫穿尼釆各階段的思想發展,我們相信,這本書只能是《悲劇的誕 生》。 《悲劇的誕生》是尼釆第一本正式出版的哲學著作。他在此書中旗幟鮮明地自述立場,並對傳統哲學正式表達攻擊與不滿。此後,他便以《悲劇的誕生》一書中所呈 現的兩條思想脈絡--悲劇的藝術與悲劇的哲學--為基礎,進一步開拓出各種與生命態度息息相關的哲學議題。 誠如尼釆自己所說,他在面臨不同階段時,都會再一次回到《悲劇的誕生》中,重新反省審視自己所提的觀點與問題。在此意義下,悲劇的誕生》不僅是一本獨立的 著作,也是一本伴隨尼釆思想一同發展、變化、調整的,永遠尚待完成的書。因此,我們希望以《悲劇的誕生》為主脈絡,把之前的蘊釀階段,與之後尼釆的各階段 思想,聯繫成一體,呈現出以《悲劇的誕生》為主軸的尼釆思想之開展。這雖然不能代表尼釆思想的全貌,但卻是一種有意義且值得嘗試的尼釆理解方式。 本書的選目,把尼釆一生中與《悲劇的誕生》一書思路相關的大部份文獻都集合在一起,以《悲劇的誕生》為中心,向上溯及《酒神世界觀》、《希臘悲劇時代的哲 學》,向下則展開巴塞爾大學的就職演講、《作為教育家的叔本華》、《瓦格納在拜洛伊特》,乃至節錄其後各時期的相關著作文獻,如《善惡的彼岸》、《權力意 志》等,最終止於《看!那個人》中,論《悲劇的誕生》的部份。
得獎與推薦記錄
  尼采比其他任何生活過或似乎生活過的人更能深刻地認識自己。──佛洛伊德
  尼采是一個貨真價實的哲學家,因為他思考著從亞里斯多德以來一脈相承的形上學問題。更有甚者,他可以稱得上是西方形上學的完結者:既代表形上學的完成,也是形上學的終結。──海德格
   尼采一生的主要特色是他脫出常規的生存。他沒有現實生計,沒有職業,沒有生活圈子。他不結婚,不招門徒和弟子,在人世間不營建自己的事物領域。他離鄉背 井,到處流浪,似乎在尋找他一直未曾找到的什麼。然而,這種脫出常規的生存本身就是本質的東西,是尼采全部哲學活動的方式。──雅斯培
作者簡介
弗德里希.威廉.尼采 (Friedrich Whilhelm Nietzsche, 1844-1900)
   為19世紀末德國偉大哲學家。其提出「上帝已死」的理論,曾帶給20世紀的大思想家、文學家甚至藝術家極大的衝擊。尼采的隱喻式寫作風格,更影響了無數 法國思想家,20世紀的文學家,甚至將他比擬為天神,為後現代主義的思想源頭,如傅柯等人,在創作上,皆明白宣稱深受尼采的影響。1888年4月,因病纏 身,在他即將邁入瘋狂的一年,他創造了《偶像的黃昏》、《尼采對華格納》、《戴奧尼索思之歌》、《華格納事件》等數部作品。1889年,由於神智不清,創 作生涯從此劃上句點。1900年逝世,享年56歲。
譯者簡介
周國平
  現為北京中國社會科學院哲學研究所研究員,1999年被聘為德國海德堡大學客座教授。著有學術專著《尼采:在世紀的轉折點上》、《尼采與形而上學》等書。

  "The Way of All Flesh" (1903) by Samuel Butler

"All animals, except man, know that the principal business of life is to enjoy it."
--from "The Way of All Flesh" (1903) by Samuel Butler (novelist)
Samuel Butler was among the most wide-ranging of the accomplished crew of late Victorian writers to which be belonged -- a forceful controversialist in the debates that surrounded Darwin's theory of evolution, a painter who sometimes exhibited at the Royal Academy, an idiosyncratic critic and a gifted travel writer, and even, in his early years, a highly successful sheep farmer in New Zealand. He was also, as The Way of All Flesh, his deterministic tale of the havoc wrought by genetic inheritance, suggests, one of the great British masters of the novel of ideas.



英文文學有2位 Samuel Butler。這本小說 "The Way of All Flesh"有譯本;原文為公共財。

「相信我,誠實的懷疑者的信仰」丁尼生懇切說道:「可比半調子的信教者深切。」Samuel Butler對於Bardolph Falstaff和上述老板娘等等「理性時代」的產兒,倍感興趣。對於這些人,「基督徒得救之道」是不言自明的,而且心中確信「最後審判」和「地獄之火」都是無可置疑的、真的。

"Waterland' by Graham Swift


這本還沒讀過。
“That's the way it is: life includes a lot of empty space. We are one-tenth living tissue, nine-tenths water; life is one-tenth Here and Now, nine-tenths a history lesson. For most of the time the Here and Now is neither now nor here.”
― from "Waterland' by Graham Swift
In the flat, watery Fen Country of East Anglia, a passionate history teacher named Tom Crick is being forced into early retirement from the school where he has taught for thirty years. When a student rebelliously questions the value of the subject to which Tom has devoted his life, Tom responds with his own personal retrospective. His story—intertwined with the stories of the local wetlands, the French Revolution, and World War II, among other things—throws light onto the dark circumstances of the current day, revealing how his wife’s tragic youth led to the events surrounding his forced retirement. A monumental tribute to the past, a gripping multigenerational family saga, and a powerful affirmation of the history of self, this exceptional novel illuminates the cycles of time in which we live. READ an excerpt here:http://knopfdoubleday.com/b…/175770/waterland/9780375712371/

Why La Marsellaise is the "greatest national anthem, ever" - Simon Schama

瘋狂奧蘭多/ Orlando: A Biography/ Virginia Woolf/ 卡尔维诺

作者「亞力奧斯托(Ludovico Ariosto,1474-1533)」是以「韻文詩」的方式寫成。而「好讀出版社」的這本中譯,已改寫成「散文型」的故事了。


瘋狂奧蘭多:最浪漫的文藝復興愛情史詩Orlando Furiso


  《瘋狂奧蘭多》是一本具有史詩格局的傳奇,不但有氣概山河的征戰、殘酷駭人的殺戮、也有纏綿悱惻的愛情、驚心動魄的比武等,情節引人入勝。本書 還收集了十九世紀名插畫家杜雷的一百五十幅插畫,圖文並茂,是一本能激發好奇心、滿足想像力的有趣讀物。本書《瘋狂奧蘭多》的故事即是以查理曼率軍抵抗北 非摩爾人入侵為經,再以數個傑出勇士所從事的諸多冒險為緯交織而成。
  除了以基督教、回教兩大陣營的爭戰做為主線外,更有一篇篇精彩有趣、緊張懸疑、拍案叫絕、甚而滑稽突梯的故事。
作者簡介
   亞力奧斯托Ludovico Ariosto(1474-1533) 義大利的詩人和劇作家,年輕曾在宮廷服侍過,本為研習法律,後來改研讀拉丁文經典作品。1518年服侍貴族Cardinal人,並且不斷地生產戲劇。除了 設計舞台和佈景寫下一些戲劇。代表作-喜劇「Plautus and Terence」,16世紀在英語世界上演。從1505年開始創作Orlando Furioso《瘋狂的羅蘭》,此詩被喻為文藝復興時期最具影響力的一首詩。30年來多次修改此作品。初版為1516年,末版為1532年。
繪者簡介
  杜雷 Gustave Dore 被諭稱有史以來最偉大的法國插畫家,生動有力的畫筆重現經典文學的風采,插畫散見於好讀的《聖經的故事》、《神曲》、《唐吉訶德》等9本書裡。
譯者簡介
  吳雪卿 靜宜大學英文系老師,熱愛文學,擅長中英翻譯,譯文優美,忠實呈現原作的韻味。在好讀已出版《亞瑟王傳奇》。


*****

疯狂的奥兰多

译者: 赵文伟
作者: [意]伊塔洛·卡尔维诺
ISBN: 9787544711784
页数: 396
定价: 28.0
出版社:译林出版社
丛书:卡尔维诺作品集
装帧:平装
出版年: 2010-7-1

简介 · · · · · ·

  《疯狂的奥兰多》是一本独特的书,它是一个自己的世界,人能在其中随意旅行,进入,走出,迷路。卡尔维诺对《疯狂的奥兰多》的独特解读,竟是精选的,穿插着原诗精彩片段的一篇篇简洁而富有激情的小说。

作者简介 · · · · · ·

  关于生平,卡尔维诺写道:“我仍然属于和克罗齐一样的人,认为一个作者,只有作品有价值。因此我不提供传记资料。我会告诉你你想知道的东西。但我从来不会告诉你真实。”
  1923年10月15日生于古巴,1985年9月19日在滨海别墅猝然离世,而与当年的诺贝尔文学奖失之交臂。
  父母都是热带植物学家,“我的家庭中只有科学研究是受尊重的。我是败类,是家里唯一从事文学的人。”
  少年时光里写满书本、漫画、电影。他梦想成为戏剧家,高中毕业后却进入大学农艺系,随后从文学院毕业。
  1947年出版第一部小说《通向蜘蛛巢的小径》,从此致力于开发小说叙述艺术的无限可能。
  曾隐居巴黎15年,与列维—施特劳斯、罗兰·巴特、格诺等人交往密切。
  1985年夏天准备哈佛讲学时患病。主刀医生表示自己未曾见过任何大脑构造像卡尔维诺的那般复杂精致。

目录 · · · · · ·

目 录
前 言………………………………………………………………………………………………
被追赶的安杰莉卡…………………………………………………………………………………
布拉达曼特与骏鹰…………………………………………………………………………………
阿琪娜岛……………………………………………………………………………………………
奥兰多、奥林匹亚、火绳枪………………………………………………………………………
弃妇奥林匹亚………………………………………………………………………………………
哭泣岛的囚女………………………………………………………………………………………
曼迪卡尔多劫走多洛丽丝…………………………………………………………………………
巴黎之役的罗多蒙特………………………………………………………………………………
阿斯图尔夫对抗卡里格兰特和奥利罗……………………………………………………………
克罗利达诺与麦多罗………………………………………………………………………………
魔幻城堡……………………………………………………………………………………………
圣剑迪朗达尔之争…………………………………………………………………………………
奥兰多的疯狂………………………………………………………………………………………
阿格拉曼特军中内讧………………………………………………………………………………
泽比诺与伊莎贝拉之死……………………………………………………………………………
罗多蒙特、疯狂的奥兰多、安杰莉卡……………………………………………………………
月亮上的阿斯图尔夫………………………………………………………………………………
布拉达曼特与玛菲萨………………………………………………………………………………
里纳尔多与鲁杰罗的决斗…………………………………………………………………………
奥兰多恢复神智……………………………………………………………………………………
兰佩杜萨三对三决斗………………………………………………………………………………
罗多蒙特的结局……………………………………………………………………………………


被追赶的安杰莉卡   开篇只有一位少女骑马逃入树林。直到某一刻,知道这个人是谁才变得重要起来:这是一首未完结诗 的主人公,她跑步进入刚刚开启的诗篇。我们这些了解细情的人可以解释说,这里讲的是契丹公主安杰莉卡,她带着所有魔法来到法国国王查理曼的圣骑士中间,目 的是让这些人爱上她,并心怀嫉妒,这样就能让他们放弃与非洲摩尔人和西班牙的战争。然而与其记录所有的前事,不如深入这片树林。在这里,人们听到的不是席 卷法国大地的战争怒潮,而是稀疏的木屐声以及时隐时现的孤独骑士的刀剑声。   安杰莉卡身边围绕着一群被欲望模糊双眼的骑士,他们忘记了骑士的神圣职责,因为太过鲁莽而继续徒劳地打转。第一印象是这些骑士不清楚自己要什么:一会儿追赶,一会儿决斗,一会儿翻脸,他们总是处于改变主意的边缘。   以费拉乌为例:我们遇到他时,他正在河里寻找遗失的头盔:就在这时,安杰莉卡从他身边经过,他 爱上了她,而她正被里纳尔多追赶;费拉乌停止寻找头盔,开始和里纳尔多决斗;决斗过程中,里纳尔多向对手提议推迟决斗,一起追赶逃跑的少女;费拉乌和竞争 对手达成协议,停止决斗,专心寻找安杰莉卡,追寻爱情;在树林中迷失方向后,他发现自己正站在头盔落水的河岸边;他停下来,不再追赶安杰莉卡,开始寻找他 的头盔;河中出现一个被他杀死的武士的鬼魂,要求他归还原属于自己的头盔,并责问费拉乌是否真的愿意用精美的头盔装饰自己;听罢此言,费拉乌放弃河流、头 盔、鬼魂和逃跑的少女,全力找寻奥兰多。


瘋狂奧蘭多  

作者: 亞力奧斯托/ 吳雪卿譯
出版社:好讀
出版年: 20040401
定价: NT$ 249

内容简介 · · · · · ·

 
书 名: 疯狂的奥兰多   作 者:(意)卡尔维诺 ,赵文伟 译   出版社译林出版社  出版时间: 2010-7-1   ISBN: 9787544711784   开本: 16开   定价: 28.00 元

编辑本段内容简介

叙事诗《疯狂的奥兰多》又作《疯狂的罗兰》,是 一部模仿中世纪传奇的作品,一部具有史诗格局的传奇。承接博亚尔多的长诗《热恋的罗兰》而来。故事以查理大帝与撒拉逊人的战争为背景,写查理大帝的骑士罗 兰对卡泰伊公主安杰丽嘉的爱情和鲁杰罗与勃拉达曼蒂的恋爱,把其他骑士的爱情、冒险经历和上百名人物(国王、僧侣、妖魔、仙女等)的故事巧妙地编织起来, 把叙事和抒情、悲剧和喜剧的因素融为一体。故事中不但有气概山河的征战、残酷骇人的杀戮、也有缠绵非恻的爱情、惊心动魄的比武等,情节引人入胜。作者利用 中世纪流行的骑士传奇体裁,反映意大利当时的生活。谴责外国侵略者和封建割据,渴望意大利的和平与统一。

《疯狂奥兰多》的艺术性和独特影响

这部长诗具有独到的艺术性,诗中对罗兰发疯的过程和复杂的心理变化,刻画细致,层次清楚,对欧洲的叙事长诗产生了深远的影响。史诗《疯狂的罗兰》(1516)被公认是意大利文艺复兴时期的最好的文学巨著,并立即风靡了整个欧洲,影响远大。

疯狂奥兰多》作者介绍

卢多维科•阿里奥斯托Ludovico Ariosto (1474~1533)意大利诗人  1474年出生于意大利北方艾米利亚雷焦的一个衰落的贵族家庭。10岁时候全家迁到费拉拉.最初学习法律,但是对古典文学和人文主义产生了浓厚兴趣。   1502年进入费拉拉宫廷。早年曾经用拉丁文等模仿罗马诗人贺拉斯写过七首《讽刺诗》,喜剧 《列娜》和《巫术师》。   《疯狂的奥兰多》是他的代表作,1502年开始,1532年定稿。

目录

前言   被追赶的安杰莉卡   布拉达曼特与骏鹰   阿琪娜岛   奥兰多、奥林匹亚、火绳枪   弃妇奥林匹亚   哭泣岛的囚女   曼迪卡尔多劫走多洛丽丝   巴黎之役的罗多蒙特   阿斯图尔夫对抗卡里格兰特和奥利罗   克罗利达诺与麦多罗   魔幻城堡   圣剑迪朗达尔之争   奥兰多的疯狂   阿格拉曼特军中内讧

试读章节

被追赶的安杰莉卡   开篇只有一位少女骑马逃入树林。直到某一刻,知道这个人是谁才变得重要起来:这是一首未完结诗 的主人公,她跑步进入刚刚开启的诗篇。我们这些了解细情的人可以解释说,这里讲的是契丹公主安杰莉卡,她带着所有魔法来到法国国王查理曼的圣骑士中间,目 的是让这些人爱上她,并心怀嫉妒,这样就能让他们放弃与非洲摩尔人和西班牙的战争。然而与其记录所有的前事,不如深入这片树林。在这里,人们听到的不是席 卷法国大地的战争怒潮,而是稀疏的木屐声以及时隐时现的孤独骑士的刀剑声。   安杰莉卡身边围绕着一群被欲望模糊双眼的骑士,他们忘记了骑士的神圣职责,因为太过鲁莽而继续徒劳地打转。第一印象是这些骑士不清楚自己要什么:一会 儿追赶,一会儿决斗,一会儿翻脸,他们总是处于改变主意的边缘。   以费拉乌为例:我们遇到他时,他正在河里寻找遗失的头盔:就在这时,安杰莉卡从他身边经过,他 爱上了她,而她正被里纳尔多追赶;费拉乌停止寻找头盔,开始和里纳尔多决斗;决斗过程中,里纳尔多向对手提议推迟决斗,一起追赶逃跑的少女;费拉乌和竞争 对手达成协议,停止决斗,专心寻找安杰莉卡,追寻爱情;在树林中迷失方向后,他发现自己正站在头盔落水的河岸边;他停下来,不再追赶安杰莉卡,开始寻找他 的头盔;河中出现一个被他杀死的武士的鬼魂,要求他归还原属于自己的头盔,并责问费拉乌是否真的愿意用精美的头盔装饰自己;听罢此言,费拉乌放弃河流、头 盔、鬼魂和逃跑的少女,全力找寻奥兰多。   ……


------
“A woman knows very well that, though a wit sends her his poems, praises her judgment, solicits her criticism, and drinks her tea, this by no means signifies that he respects her opinions, admires her understanding, or will refuse, though the rapier is denied him, to run through the body with his pen.”
― Virginia Woolf, Orlando
Virginia Woolf’s Orlando ‘The longest and most charming love letter in literature’, playfully constructs the figure of Orlando as the fictional embodiment of Woolf’s close friend and lover, Vita Sackville-West. Spanning three centuries, the novel opens as Orlando, a young nobleman in Elizabeth’s England, awaits a visit from the Queen and traces his experience with first love as England under James I lies locked in the embrace of the Great Frost. At the midpoint of the novel, Orlando, now an ambassador in Costantinople, awakes to find that he is a woman, and the novel indulges in farce and irony to consider the roles of women in the 18th and 19th centuries. As the novel ends in 1928, a year consonant with full suffrage for women. Orlando, now a wife and mother, stands poised at the brink of a future that holds new hope and promise for women.




Orlando: A Biography

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Orlando: A Biography
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Portadaorlando.jpg

1st edition cover
AuthorVirginia Woolf
CountryUnited Kingdom
LanguageEnglish
PublisherHogarth Press
Publication date11 October 1928
Orlando: A Biography is an influential novel by Virginia Woolf, first published on 11 October 1928. A semi-biographical novel based in part on the life of Woolf's intimate friend Vita Sackville-West, it is generally considered one of Woolf's most accessible novels. The novel has been influential stylistically, and is considered important in literature generally, and particularly in the history of women's writing and gender studies. A film adaptation was released in 1992, starring Tilda Swinton as Orlando and Quentin Crisp as Queen Elizabeth I.

Contents

[hide]

[edit]Plot

Orlando tells the story of a young man named Orlando, born in England during the reign of Elizabeth I, who decides not to grow old. He is briefly a lover to the decrepit queen, but after her death has a brief, intense love affair with Sasha, a princess in the entourage of the Russian embassy. This episode, of love and excitement against the background of the Great Frost, is one of the best known, and is said to represent Vita Sackville-West's affair with Violet Trefusis.
Following Sasha's return to Russia, the desolate, lonely Orlando returns to writing The Oak Tree, a poem started and abandoned in his youth. This period of contemplating love and life leads him to appreciate the value of his ancestral stately home, which he proceeds to furnish lavishly and then plays host to the populace. Ennui sets in and a persistent suitor's harassment leads to Orlando's appointment by King Charles II as British ambassador to Constantinople. Orlando performs his duties well, until a night of civil unrest and murderous riots. He falls asleep for a lengthy period, resisting all efforts to rouse him. Upon awakening he finds that he has metamorphosed into a woman—the same person, with the same personality and intellect, but in a woman's body. For this reason, the now Lady Orlando covertly escapes Constantinople in the company of a Gypsy clan, adopting their way of life until its essential conflict with her upbringing leads her to head home. Only on the ship back to England, with her constraining female clothes and an incident in which a flash of her ankle nearly results in a sailor's falling to his death, does she realise the magnitude of becoming a woman; yet she concludes the overall advantages, declaring 'Praise God I'm a woman!'
Orlando becomes caught up in the life of the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, holding court with the great poets (notably Alexander Pope), winning a lawsuit and marrying a sea captain. In 1928, she publishes The Oak Tree centuries after starting it, winning a prize.

[edit]Conceptual history

Apart from being, at the beginning of the book, a knightly young man, ready for adventure, Woolf's character takes little from the legendary hero Orlando of the Italian Renaissance, spoken by Ludovico Ariosto in the Orlando Furioso.
Orlando can be read as a roman à clef: the characters Orlando and Princess Sasha in the novel refer to Vita Sackville-West and Violet Trefusis respectively. The photographs printed in the illustrated editions of the text are all of the real Vita Sackville-West. Her husband, Harold Nicolson, appears in the novel as Marmaduke Bonthrop Shelmerdine. "The Oak Tree", the poem written by Orlando in the novel, refers to the poem "The Land", for which Vita had won the Hawthornden Prize in 1926. Moreover, the minor character Nick Greene, who later reappears as Sir Nicholas Greene, spouts opinions which had been uttered in real life by Logan Pearsall Smith.[1]
For historical details Woolf draws extensively from Knole and the Sackvilles, a book written (and reworked in several versions) by Sackville-West, describing the historic backgrounds of her ancestral home, Knole House in Kent. Other historical details derive from John Dryden's Essay of Dramatick Poesie. (Orlando, personified as one of Vita's ancestors — the 6th Earl of Dorset— discusses artistic topics with his contemporaries as described in that book.) Orlando is also an attractive version of a history book on the Sackvilles' noble descendants, their estates, their culture, etc; Woolf was middle-class and fascinated by the aristocracy, as embodied in Vita. (Vita also wrote about these subjects, but Woolf thought Vita had a "pen of brass").
The conventions of fiction and fantasy (e.g., fictional names and a main character who lives through many centuries) allowed Woolf to write a well-documented biography of a person living in her own age, without opening herself to criticism about controversial topics such as lesbian love. While Orlando was published in the same year as The Well of Loneliness, a novel banned in the UK for its lesbian theme, it escaped censorship because the main character appears as a man when he loves Princess Sasha.
Vita's mother, Lady Sackville, was not pleased at the writing of the novel, because she believed the story was too plain in its meaning, and she would call Woolf the "virgin wolf" henceforth. Violet Trefusis's reply would be a more conventional roman à clef (Broderie Anglaise), which loses much of its interest if the reader does not know the background, whereas Orlando remains a captivating novel, even if the reader does not know the identity of the person in the photographs in the book.
Orlando: A Biography was described as an elaborate love letter from Virginia Woolf to Vita Sackville-West (by the latter's son Nigel Nicolson); nonetheless, Woolf intended her novel as the first in a new trend, breaking the boundaries between what are traditionally seen as the fiction and non-fiction genres in literature (so the novel is not only about trans-gender, but also trans-genre, so to speak). This was not to be, however, as the book is invariably called a "novel" (while Woolf called it a "biography"), and is shelved in the "fiction" section of libraries and bookshops. Only in the last decades of the 20th century would authors again try this "tricky" cross-over genre (which differs from "romanticised" or "popularised"non-fiction, and does not necessarily have to take a roman à clef form) , e.g., Flaubert's Parrot by Julian Barnes (ISBN 0-330-28976-4).

[edit]Influence and recognition

The work has been the subject of numerous scholarly writings, including detailed treatment in multiple works on Virginia Woolf.[2] An "annotated" edition has been published to facilitate critical reading of the text.
The novel's title has also come to stand for women's writing generally in some senses, as one of the most famous works by a woman author very directly treating gender.[3] For example, a project on the history of women's writing in the British Isles was named after the book.[4]

[edit]Notes

  1. ^ M. H. Whitworth, ‘Logan Pearsall Smith and Orlando,’ Review of English Studies, 55 (2004), 598-604.
  2. ^ See, e.g., Alice van Buren, The Novels of Virginia Woolf: Fact and Vision Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1973.
  3. ^ For example: Jacqueline Harpman, "Orlanda", Paris, Grasset, 1997.
  4. ^Orlando: Women's Writing in the British Isles from the Beginnings to the Present, available at http://orlando.cambridge.org/ .

[edit]External links






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The 17th-Century #Snowpocalypse that Inspired Virginia Woolf’s Orlando

The 17th-Century #Snowpocalypse that Inspired Virginia Woolf’s Orlando

Winter is coming

SHORTREAD October 28, 2015   0
Near the beginning of Virginia Woolf’s Orlando: A Biography is one of the most fanciful passages in all literature. Due to an exceptionally frigid winter, the inhabitants of London turn the frozen Thames into a 24/7 carnival:
“Great statesmen, in their beards and ruffs, despatched affairs of state under the crimson awning of the Royal Pagoda. Soldiers planned the conquest of the Moor and the downfall of the Turk in striped arbours surmounted by plumes of ostrich feathers. Admirals strode up and down the narrow pathways, glass in hand, sweeping the horizon and telling stories of the north-west passage and the Spanish Armada. Lovers dallied upon divans spread with sables. Frozen roses fell in showers when the Queen and her ladies walked abroad. Coloured balloons hovered motionless in the air. Here and there burnt vast bonfires of cedar and oak wood, lavishly salted, so that the flames were of green, orange, and purple fire.”
Because their ships had frozen in the water, the foreign delegates who visited London earlier in the fall were unable to leave, lending an international flair to the frost fair and allowing the young Orlando to meet his first love interest, the beautiful and enigmatic Russian princess Sasha.
This section of the book was turned into a charming animation in 1977, which is well worth a watch, especially if you haven’t read Orlando recently.


Though Woolf plays fast and loose with the timeline of British history in Orlando, frost fairs on the Thames were actually pretty common during the “Little Ice Age,” a period of lower average temperatures that lasted from the sixteenth to the nineteenth century. The first frost fair took place in 1608. 
Londoner Edmund Howes gave an eyewitness report:
“…from Sunday the tenth of January untill the fifteenth of the same, the frost grew so extreme, as the ice became firme, and removed not, and then all sorts of men, women, and children, went boldly upon the ice in most parts; some shot at prickes, others bowled and danced, with other variable pastimes; by reason of which concourse of people were many that set up boothes and standings upon the ice, as fruit sellers, victuallers, that sold beere and wine, shoemakers, and a barber’s tent, etc.”


Several more frost fairs were held over the course of the 17th century, with the most elaborate in the winter of 1683-1684:
“Frost congealed the river Thames to that degree, that another city, as it were, was erected thereon; where, by the great number of streets and shops, with their rich furniture, it represented a great fair, with a variety of carriages, and diversions of all sorts.”
According to another witness,
“Coaches plied from Westminster to the Temple, and from several other staires, to and fro, as in the streetes, sleds, sliding with skeetes, a bull-baiting, horse and coach races, puppet-plays, and interludes, cookes, tipling, and other lewd places, so that it seem’d to be a bacchanalian triumph, or carnival on the water.”


A broadside printed that winter, now in the British Museum, includes a long ballad celebrating the fair:
“BEHOLD the wonder of this present age
A famous river now become a stage
Question not what I now declare to you,
The Thames is now both fair and market too;
And many thousands dayly do resort,
There to behold the pastime and the sport…”

T. Mann著,彭淮棟譯《魔山》等等/ Thomas Mann 博物館



展覽評論

假如托馬斯·曼寫「推特」

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Gordon Welters for The New York Times
以托馬斯·曼為主題的博物館,布登勃洛克宅邸,現準備擴建,旨在使這位令人敬畏的大作家更加平易近人。

德國呂貝克——文學名人托馬斯·曼(Thomas Mann)一個多世紀前的作品近日再造轟動:其長度足有整整500個字母,不是頁數。
近日發現了一組托馬斯·曼的明信片,共有81張。在其中一張上,他向哥哥亨利希·曼(Heinrich Mann)狂贊酸奶,稱其“美味且略具緩瀉效果”,還表達了對低因咖啡健康問題的焦慮。這位文學泰斗素以《魔山》(The Magic Mountain)、《布登勃洛克一家》(Buddenbrooks)等傑作的長度與難度聞名;而這些明信片通信的文字,則柔化了他的形象,展現了其活 潑、饒舌、清新有趣、平易近人的一面。
這批明信片書於1901年至1928年間,系由亨利希孫輩在其女兒的財產中發現,如今在“布登勃洛克宅邸”(Buddenbrookhaus)文學博物館展出,以手機短訊常見的聊天氣泡形式,在巨大的平板屏幕上滾動顯示。如今和將來的幾代人從小就習慣於推特簡訊和動態更新,如何讓他們對這位諾貝爾獲獎作家的鴻篇巨製感興趣呢?官方準備明年擴建博物館,所以,他們正想盡辦法解決這個問題。
同在這座漢薩同盟城市裡,穿過哥特式磚砌建築的美景,一箭之遙處便是值得參考的典範——聚焦另一位諾貝爾獎得主的君特·格拉斯博物館(Günter Grass-Haus)。 在那裡,參觀者通過在觸摸屏上投票,決定關於格拉斯先生的近期展覽安排。君特·格拉斯是《鐵皮鼓》(The Tin Drum)的作者,85歲高齡,仍然話題不斷。近日一個午後,在投票單上,“性”與“士兵格拉斯”兩個展覽並列暫居榜首;“詩人格拉斯”則排在最後一位。
“在德國,人們對博物館的體驗是被動的。”格拉斯博物館負責人約爾格-菲利普·托姆薩(Jörg-Philipp Thomsa)一邊說,一邊演示如何操作一台餐桌大小的巨大平板電腦。
格拉斯先生的圖片,隨着托姆薩先生的手指放大、縮小、旋轉。托姆薩先生在搜索藍精靈的圖片,就是那個動畫片《藍精靈》(The Smurfs)里的角色。他解釋道,博物館電腦里之所以有這些藍色的小傢伙,是因為在格拉斯小說《母鼠》(The Rat)中,它們象徵著波蘭工人運動中的“團結工會”——此外,小朋友們也很喜歡它們。
“我們的目標是喚醒人們對格拉斯作品的興趣,其作品往往被視作艱深難懂,”托姆薩先生說。
但這些最新式的小玩意兒,無非只是解決難題的拼圖一角。對許多讀者而言,終極的吸引,是與作者和作品之間建立起心靈關聯的感覺,比如在都柏林暢遊喬伊斯在《尤利西斯》中提到的地點。
“這地方必須要有點兒什麼非同尋常的東西才行,要有點兒那種你在互聯網上找不到的東西。”布登勃洛克宅邸的館長霍爾格·皮爾斯(Holger Pils)說,“人們對場所體驗的需求與日俱增,因為其他的一切都是二維平面的。”
就某些方面而言,於如今這個八卦、自白的時代,曼氏兄弟的主題十分完美。這兩兄弟就好比德國版的勃朗特(Brontë)姐妹,又帶着幾許該隱和亞伯 (Cain and Abel)的特質——非暴力,但充滿競爭。曼氏家族史既有繁榮鼎盛,又有家道中落,還有兄弟姊妹的衝突、自殺與醜聞。而根據亨利希·曼的小說《垃圾教授》 (Small Town Tyrant)改編的經典電影《藍天使》(The Blue Angel),則捧紅了女星瑪琳·黛德麗(Marlene Dietrich)。
如今德國人依然特別鍾情於《布登勃洛克一家》,這是德國文學的一個巨人,就好比英國的《米德爾馬契》(Middlemarch),或俄國的《戰爭與 和平》(War and Peace)。小說以編年史的形式,以曼氏家族史實為藍本,記敘了一個商賈家族的衰落。書中大部分情節,都發生在一個虛構的大宅里,原型其實就是位於孟街 (Mengstraße)的作者祖父母的宅第——這棟房產亦即如今博物館的所在地。
這棟大宅具有舊貴族氣息,其巴洛克風格的門面,仍然正對着聖瑪麗教堂(St. Mary's Church)——據書中開篇處的描寫,“風在教堂里眾多哥特式的犄角旮旯里呼嘯”。近日一個冬夜,賓客們齊聚博物館的拱形地窖,小口嚼着小說中描寫的紅 白蛋白霜餅(meringues),聽一位演員以深沉、舒緩的語調朗讀書中著名的一幕聖誕情景。
一頓晚餐,外加曼氏兄弟生活及作品相關名勝游,花了他們65歐元,約合86美金。
“小說中的人物,必定與真實人物存在密切關聯,與這部偉大文學作品的現實性密不可分。”今年52歲的托馬斯·凱希維茨(Thomas Katschewitz)參加了這個文學之旅,他講這話的時候,他們正駐足於曼氏兄弟母校門口,一邊欣賞街頭手風琴師的表演,一邊喝着加香料的熱葡萄酒。
對於一個僅擁有21.2萬人口的城市而言,呂貝克的文學傳統異常卓越。市裡最主要的公共圖書館幾乎有400年歷史。圖書館主任貝恩德·哈徹爾(Bernd Hatscher)拿出一份拉丁文的《初學者手冊》(Rudimentum Novitiorum),大秀一番。這本世界歷史書中有生動的彩色地圖,出版於1475年,印刷地正是呂貝克。
呂貝克是19世紀詩人伊曼紐爾·蓋貝爾(Emanuel Geibel)的故鄉。他的詩作,僅在其有生之年就再版上百次。葬於此地的小說家依達·博伊-艾德(Ida Boy-Ed),曾是托馬斯·曼年輕時的早期資助人。激進猶太作家埃里希·米薩姆(Erich Mühsam),在奧拉寧堡集中營(Oranienburg)遭納粹黨衛軍殺害,生前亦久居該市。“二戰”空襲輪番轟炸中,呂貝克,包括布登勃洛克宅邸在內,遭受了嚴重破壞;但這座城市的文學聲譽絲毫不見衰退。
近日一個午後,托馬斯·曼研究專家、呂貝克所有博物館的主管——漢斯·維斯基興(Hans Wisskirchen),手戴白手套,拿起一張明信片。明信片上貼着一張1904年德意志帝國的5分郵票。“請代我向馮·哈通根醫生(Dr. von Hartungen)問好,”托馬斯·曼寫到。明信片寄往時在利瓦(Riva)療養院的哥哥亨利希,當時利瓦還屬於奧匈帝國。對“曼迷”們而言,這明信片 與《魔山》(The Magic Mountain)中的一幕幕產生關聯——這部小說有一部分內容,就是受這位哈通根醫生,及其療愈避難所的啟發而創作出來。
受過教育的德國人對曼氏兄弟耳熟能詳,不僅是對於他們的作品而言,還包括二人對於“一戰”的意見分歧(亨利希反對),以及二人向來冷淡的兄弟關係。 此次發現這組明信片的消息,登上了晚間新聞和報紙,部分原因,是其展現了托馬斯·曼的另一面,令人出乎意料:一般總認為他為人沉悶,哪曾想,他也可以就拖 鞋和牙醫之類的話題喋喋不休。同時,托馬斯與亨利希之間的嫌隙——據《斯圖加特日報》(Stuttgarter Zeitung)稱,所謂“永恆的兄弟鬥爭神話”——可能也需要一些修訂了。
這組明信片,是博物館改造計劃的重頭戲之一,有助於博物館吸引更多訪客。目前該館每年接待訪客數量5.5萬至6萬人次。在聯邦政府提供的約合40萬 美元的幫助下,呂貝克市政府買下了博物館隔壁的房子,用以擴建。今年2月,該館計劃舉辦一場大型討論會,屆時將有文化界、建築界,以及新媒體界的人士參 加。
“現在的問題是,我如何才能把這個場所,與數字閱讀的世界相結合呢?”維斯基興問到,“文學與現實不同,但偉大的藝術、偉大的作者,以及一個偉大的地點,在此處交融。你在這裡,應該能以一種全然不同的方式,體驗到這種交融。”
與君特·格拉斯博物館的互動計算機相比,布登勃洛克宅邸一樓展示的傳記式文本似乎略顯靜態。樓上,銀箔絲帶與白色百合妝點了聖誕樹,桌上的布偶戲展演着貝多芬歌劇《費德里奧》(Fidelio)的最後一幕——與托馬斯·曼小說中描繪的場景一模一樣、毫無二致。
貝蒂娜·芬納(Bettina Fenner),一位45歲的呂貝克教師,也參加了剛才介紹的那個晚餐暨名勝游。她說,曼氏兄弟在呂貝克長大,儘管自那以後這裡發生了各種變化,但她的那 些十多歲的學生們,仍能從這本書中讀出一些共鳴。“畢竟,”她說,“每個人都有自己的家族史。”
本文最初發表於2012年12月26日。
翻譯:江烈農
http://cn.nytimes.com/article/culture-arts/2013/03/07/c07mann/zh-hk/


"The Magic Mountain, published in 1924, is not a historical novel but a novel about history—about a time just past whose ramifications have yet to fully unfold. Mann chillingly foresaw the disintegrating faith in reason and the corresponding surrender to the irrational that only a few years later produced Adolf Hitler and caused Mann’s own books to be burned in Germany."
--Fergus M. Bordewich, The American Scholar



Wikipedia
魔の山』(まのやま、Der Zauberberg)は1924年に出版されたトーマス・マンによる長編小説。ドイツ教養小説の伝統に則ったマンの代表作の一つである。


English
 中文
 《魔山》_互动百科
www.hudong.com/wiki/《魔山》 - Cached -轉為繁體網頁 - Translate this page
《魔山》-《魔山》这本书可以说是20世纪的全面预言,浓缩了西欧精神生活的作品,同时,它也是一本当代青年不可不读的经典名著。-《moshan》----
彭淮棟翻譯作品約有(*為主要作品):
T. Mann《魔山*》台北:遠景,1988。這本是他的處男譯作,從英譯本轉譯,便宜賣給遠景出版社。當時阿擘的書中有大量的改稿本,近25年過去了,彭淮棟的德文進步很多,應該有機會再翻譯一次。

 中國數個版本:如钱鸿嘉译,上海译文出版社出版


Translations into English


日本語訳[編集]

Vintage Books & Anchor Books
“Tolerance becomes a crime when applied to evil.”
― Thomas Mann, The Magic Mountain
In this dizzyingly rich novel of ideas, Mann uses a sanatorium in the SwissAlps, a community devoted exclusively to sickness, as a microcosm for Europe, which in the years before 1914 was already exhibiting the first symptoms of its own terminal irrationality. The Magic Mountain is a monumental work of erudition and irony, sexual tension and intellectual ferment, a book that pulses with life in the midst of death.
 ----

 自由時報
http://www.libertytimes.com.tw/2012/new/sep/10/today-article1.htm 【作家與書店】 魔山

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魔山書店裡的祕密地下室,曾是一個禁書圖書館。
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以經營「魔山」展開第二人生的Loch先生。
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魔山的藍色門口。
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我喜歡的綠沙發角落。
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魔山書店全景拍攝。
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魔山書店的外觀一瞥。
◎陳思宏 攝影◎Achim Plum
【編輯室報告】
對作家而言,書店該是城市裡最有感觸的空間之一。緣此,本刊特闢【作家與書店】單元,邀請作家分享在所居城市中,最喜愛、或者最常造訪的書店。今、明兩天分別刊出陳思宏在柏林與周丹穎在巴黎的書店豔遇。未來亦將不定期刊出其他作家和書店的戀史。
★★★
迷路時,我走進魔山。
那 簡直是設定好的巧遇場景:炎熱的柏林夏天,我在寧靜的社區裡尋找舞者朋友S的公寓。社區裡商店稀疏,人車皆靜,手上的電子羅盤似乎被曬壞了,地圖定位失 敗,我一路迷途,眼見皆陌生。蟲在行道樹上慵懶鳴叫,肥胖的胡蜂狂吻花圃裡的牡丹,一位老婦人拖著買菜籃慢慢走過。我揮汗抬頭,看到了寫著「魔山」 (Der Zauberberg)的藍色小招牌。我站在街邊觀看「魔山」的櫥窗,全都是文學書籍,還有精美的童話繪本。反正迷路,就進去逛逛吧。我走進這間街角書 店,老闆微笑問好,我偷偷深呼吸,視線快速移動,幾秒鐘,我就確定,我找到了我在柏林最愛的書店了。
在柏林的純文學角落
「魔山」,真的是我心目中,理想的書店。
這 裡,不賣咖啡糕餅,單純賣書。我愛咖啡,但咖啡是蜜糖,招惹人聲嗡嗡,有咖啡就一定有咖啡桌,桌上有指尖與鍵盤擊掌、口語生是非、咖啡拍打口腔海岸,對我 這種極易分心的人,書店、咖啡館的複合式經營,只會讓我忘了書籍的存在。「魔山」純粹賣書,打開藍色的店門,嗅覺會立即在腦內召喚閱讀,這裡有紙張的、油 墨的厚重味道,沒有任何咖啡干擾。
這裡,有最簡單的裝潢,藍色窗框,白灰牆壁,黑色書架,讓讀者登高取書的木梯子,幾盞溫暖的燈。書架上 方,貼滿了作家群像:吳爾芙、卡夫卡、貝克特、Thomas Bernhard、Judith Hermann,與讀者對望。靠街邊的角落,有綠色沙發、小圓桌、幾張椅子。我總是在店裡選本書,把自己埋入綠色沙發裡,安靜地閱讀,考慮著是否要把手上 的書帶回家。這是我在柏林,最愛的文學角落。
店裡不放音樂,顧客稀少的暑假,聽覺只能抓取到老闆整理書的聲音。在家裡寫作,電腦隨時尖叫送 來遠方的耳語,音響彈完蕭邦立即大唱Fiona Apple,我跟大部分現代人一樣,享受社群網站的干擾,甘願讓樂音暫時癱瘓思考。但在「魔山」,我可以靜靜地,專心選書,讀書,買書。
「魔山」只賣文學書以及精美繪本童書,沒有靈修成長勵志減肥致富養生成名找伴時尚健身瑜伽。彷彿那扇藍色店門就是個文學篩網,卡夫卡開門就溜進入駐,網路輕盈小說找不到門把。
店 裡的角落有兩張古老的書桌,老先生Harald Loch與Natalia Liublina女士各自坐在書桌前,處理書單、接電話、幫讀者結帳。我每次在書店裡流連,總感覺這個文學書店有強烈的故事磁場。某天,我終於忍不住開口 討故事。Loch先生當時正在忙,他說,改天再來,我們好好聊。
聽故事那天,剛好在台灣從事出版的W與女友來訪,我們三個台灣人變成等待童話的小孩,Loch先生坐進綠色沙發,故事啟程。
「魔 山」的前身,是俄國人Andreas Wolf於1931年創立的書店,今年七十一歲的Loch先生還清楚記得,六十年前,他就在這裡買了一本古希臘文法的書。多年來,他一直保持在這裡買書的 習慣。2009年,他接下經營的責任,以「魔山」為名,開啟書店的另一篇章。為何稱之「魔山」?除了與湯馬斯.曼著名的小說同名之外,最主要是因為他覺得 文學書宛如魔術,令人著迷。這個轉角的書店,是他成長過程的重要文學回憶,褪下律師的身分後,他決定在書店裡展開全新的退休生涯,成為書店主人,並且寫書 評,他說這是他的「第二人生」。綠色沙發前的小圓桌上,就擺著出版社寄來的未出版的小說稿,他評讀完之後,再決定是否要選購這本書在店裡販賣。
W 深知台灣書店經營的現況,書店擺上的書,要是沒被讀者買走,就會遭到退書的命運。W問Loch先生,這樣一間獨立書店,是否也會退書呢?Loch先生驕傲 地說:「不,這些書,都是我們的書。我們讀過之後喜歡,跟出版社訂購,才在架上陳列,我們不會退給出版社。」那句「我們的書」,撞進了我的身體。這些都是 書店主人精選過的文學書籍,跟暢銷排行榜毫無瓜葛,是寶藏,是珠玉,店長親自篩選淘洗過,開店與讀者分享。
讓思想翻牆的地下密室
幾天後,我又打開那道藍色的門,Loch先生正在忙著盤點,他知道我又來討故事的糖,只說:「等一下,我帶你去地下室,拜訪祕密。」
我 在書店裡的童書區選了繪本,坐下來細讀。我也發現之前居住在台灣的德國作者施益堅(Stephan Thome)的《邊境行走》(Grenzgang),看到我翻閱《邊境行走》的平裝本,Loch先生說起:「你知道作者住過台灣嗎?他之前有來我這邊朗讀 這本書,我很期待他的第二本小說。」我說起幾年前在台北與施益堅短暫結識的過程,當時,我完全不知道他在寫作。文學的話題開啟,Loch先生發現我也是個 文學人,放下手邊的盤點說:「走,我們去地下室。」
突然,他把古老的書桌用力往旁邊挪,把地上的一塊綠色墊子拿開,一道通往地下室的門,出現了。他掀開門,身手靈活走下木梯:「來!」
我 走下木梯,眼前出現一個祕密的地下圖書館,我震驚無言。地下室有一盞昏黃燈光,蜘蛛網放肆,老舊書籍放置在書架上,散發著歲月的氣息。Loch先生開始說 故事,納粹掌權期間,許多書籍都成為禁書,Wolf先生就在這個祕密的地下室裡,開始經營禁書圖書館。知道這個圖書館的人們,都必須獲得Wolf先生的信 任,才能進入這個地下祕密圖書館,把被納粹禁止的書籍偷偷帶回家閱讀,廿四小時內必須歸還。那是一個柏林的祕密閱讀組織,以閱讀,翻越納粹高築的思想控制 牆。希特勒曾下令燒掉禁書,一把火熊熊,企圖燒掉不受控的知識。但在這個角落書店裡,有個祕密地下室,來借書的讀者冒著危險,在閱讀裡,享受走私來的自 由。
這狹窄的地下室,因為閱讀,而有了無限的自由空間。我在這空間裡,絲毫不感覺到幽閉,當年的每一次祕密借閱,就是一次自由的伸展。閱讀,果真讓人自由。
只 可惜,納粹當年做過的那些蠢事,至今仍在許多國家被徹底執行。書籍被審查控制,網路被監看,社群網站上的幾句書寫,可能會惹來囹圄之災。但「魔山」裡的這 間地下室,繼續以各種不同的形式在不同的疆界與時空存在。這地下室是個完美的文學隱喻,翻開書,靜下來,閱讀就是自己最私密的時刻,閱讀是無人可管的疆 界,閱讀是魔術,閱讀是自由。
Loch先生說,有時候會有整班的學生來訪,一個接一個跟著他進入這個祕密閱讀基地。他會細說納粹的禁書政策,鼓勵學生們閱讀。他致力保存地下室原貌,這是這間街角書店,最寶貴的人類資產。
關上地下室的門,放回綠色墊子,把書桌推回,不知情的人,永遠不知道那裡藏著一個精采的故事。短短的地下室拜訪,我有看了一部電影的豐富感受。
我買下繪本,告別。Loch先生說,記得下次來參加店裡的朗讀活動,店裡的許多書架都是裝有輪子的,朗讀時刻,把書架推開,讀者們排排坐聽作者聲音,是書店裡持續累積的文學聲響回憶,歡迎一起來建築這共同的回憶。
我 在當兵時,讀完《魔山》這本厚重小說。小說主角Hans Castorp在山上的療養院裡,遇見各式各樣的人物,與我高山雷達站服役的際遇類似,一進魔山身難退,怪奇人物紛沓來。我覺得Loch先生也像《魔山》 裡的Hans Castorp,書店裡,隨時都有各種人物走進來。
離開「魔山」,我發現Loch先生是猶太人。一定,還有更多故事。
下次,再來推開藍色的門,聽故事。 ●




Gordon Welters for The New York Times
Lübeck Journal
Updating Mann’s Status for Age of Texting
At Buddenbrookhaus, a museum devoted to Thomas Mann, the challenge is how to keep the long-winded writer relevant in an age of shorter attention spans.


亨利希曼.他最著名的晚年長篇小說『亨利四世』有百萬字.....


Howards End, E. M. Forster's classic 1910

Howards End (1910) is an ambitious "condition-of-England" novel concerned with different groups within the Edwardian middle classes represented by the Schlegels (bohemian intellectuals), the Wilcoxes (thoughtless plutocrats) and the Basts (struggling lower-middle-class aspirants).
It is frequently observed that characters in Forster's novels die suddenly. This is true of Where Angels Fear to Tread, Howards End and, most particularly, The Longest Journey.

著名的小說就叫"Howard's End"(中文譯本叫做《綠苑春濃》,聯經,1992;
《此情可問天》,業強,1992),書名中的Howard是姓氏,End是宅第的名稱,通常位置在一條街道的盡頭, ...

Peter Drucker 認為Howards End 一書是 E. M. Forster (1879-1970)的小說中最偉大的,也是20世紀最細緻的英國散文作品。它可以作為英國階級系統的寓言;書中可見維繫社會的禮儀已開始瓦解了。小說中提到的德國表兄妹雖從未露面,但他們的醜陋、驕慢和目中無人的優越感卻是籠罩全書的陰影。 ({旁觀者的時代},頁253)


Howards End英文原文
http://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/2891/pg2891.txt


end 角


  • The outside or extreme edge or physical limit; a boundary: the end of town.
  • (面をもつものの)端の部分, 境界(線), 周辺地域, はずれ

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    The monument to Forster in Stevenage, Hertfordshire, near Rooks Nest where Forster grew up and on which he based the setting for his novel Howards End. The area is now known as Forster Country.




    電影情節已忘 One of the best Ismail Merchant/James Ivory films, this adaptation of E. M. Forster's classic 1910 novel shows in careful detail the injuriously rigid British class consciousness of the early 20th century. The film's catalyst is "poor relation" Margaret Schlegel (Emma Thompson), who inherits part of the estate of Ruth Wilcox (Vanessa Redgrave), an upper-class woman whom she had befriended. The film's principal characters are divided by caste: aristocratic industrial Henry Wilcox (Anthony Hopkins); middle-echelon Margaret and her sister Helen (Helena Bonham Carter); and working-class clerk Leonard Bast (Sam West) and his wife (Nicola Duffett). The personal and social conflicts among these characters ultimately result in tragedy for Bast and disgrace for Wilcox, but the film's wider theme remains the need, in the words of the novel's famous epigram, to "only connect" with other people, despite boundaries of gender, class, or petty grievance. Filmed on a proudly modest budget, Howards End offers sets, spectacles, and costumes as lavish as in any historical epic. Nominated for 9 Oscars, including Best Picture and Best Director, the film took home awards for Thompson as Best Actress, Ruth Prawer Jhabvala's adapted screenplay, and Luciana Arrighi's art direction. ~ Hal Erickson, Rovi



    About 31,600 results
      1. Howards End 1992 Subtitulos en español

        • 1 month ago
        • 664 views
        CINE DE 1992 " La mansión Howard " con Anthony Hopkins, y Emma Thompson --- Director: James Ivory Estreno --- 13 / 03 ...


    電影名稱:[英]霍華德莊園/此情可問天/Howards End
    電影類型:劇情/愛情
    上映日期:1992
    劇情簡介:
      故事發生在20世紀的英國,瑪格麗特和海倫兩姐妹結識了富有而又保守的威爾科斯一家。而海倫就與保羅威爾科斯產生了一段短暫的感情後離開了威家,而瑪格麗特卻與威爾科斯太太建立起了融洽的關係。不久威爾科斯太太病重死去,並留下遺囑將鄉村別墅霍華德莊園贈給瑪格麗特。遺囑被亨利發現並將它隱藏起來。亨利向瑪格麗特表達了愛慕之情並向她求婚,瑪格麗特答應了他。海倫離開威家以後偶然認識了小職員倫納德巴斯特,海倫的聰明和熱情激發了他的靈感,而巴斯特有著一段不幸的婚姻。不久巴斯特被老闆解雇,海倫因此而請求亨利幫助,但亨利卻發現巴斯特的妻子是他過去的情人,所以拒絕了海倫的請求。感情上受到折磨的巴斯特和海倫一起過了一夜。第二天海倫不辭而別去了莊園。婚後的瑪格麗特始終想讓兩家關係相互融洽起來。她安排海倫來霍華德莊園度假,卻發現她已懷上了巴斯特的孩子。威爾科斯家的大兒子查理斯認為這有失體統,與巴斯特發生爭執,卻將其打死,他自己也因此進了監獄。瑪格麗特掌管了霍華⋯⋯
    更多



    楊肇嘉回憶錄/ 六然居存 日刊臺灣新民報 社說輯錄 楊肇嘉留真集

    楊肇嘉

    臺灣學通訊

    編按:
    為拓展臺灣學的閱讀對象,以及因應數位出版的趨勢,《臺灣學通訊》今年與《國語日報》共同企劃,邀請臺灣史學者與漫畫家合作,取材臺灣教育史料,製作了「臺灣兒童上學去」系列漫畫,介紹臺灣小朋友接受現代教育的歷史,希望藉由臺灣史學界與漫畫家跨界合作方式,讓更多小朋友可以透過閱讀漫畫,認識臺灣的歷史,扎根臺灣史教育。除了漫畫外,並嘗試將系列中的<老古董上學去>,由漫畫再後製成動漫畫。
    在國內動漫畫、漫畫的閱讀環境,普遍缺乏以臺灣史作為主要題材的創作作品,我們希望藉由您的按讚及分享,讓更多兒童、少年可以觀看到此部動漫畫,並鼓勵更多漫畫家一起投入臺灣史動漫畫的題材開發,創作出更多臺灣史動漫畫作品,深根臺灣學。
    臺灣近代化教育起源1895年,今年適逢120週年,由國立臺灣圖書館與國語日報社製作的"臺灣兒童上學去"專欄,為小朋友介紹臺灣小朋友接受現代化教育的歷史。
    YOUTUBE.COM


    楊肇嘉回憶錄

    此書為60年代的著作 細節很缺 譬如說去日本請願 (林獻堂領導)歡迎者所唱的歌

    在臺灣近代史上,楊肇嘉先生是一位顯眼的知識分子,也是一位實事求是、致力建設的官員。為了民族運動,他一擲千金,毫不吝嗇,以致於年收兩千多石的田地,為之變賣一空;為了造福鄉里,擔任省府民政廳長時,積極無畏以理力爭,迭有政績。他愛臺灣的方式令人欽仰。書中用詞正如其演講簡明曉暢,字字句句出自心之所誠然,就在他娓娓道來的篇章中,我們聽見作者正以慷慨的熱情與臺灣時空演奏出真摯悅耳的旋律。  
    在本書中,對日據時代臺灣人的和平抗日活動描寫詳盡,可說是第一手資料,從中可碰觸到那一代知識份子為土地人民奮鬥的心跳。而筆者以一養子的身世,憑藉自己的勤懇與努力,終贏得養父和社會的尊重、信服,屢委大任,其人生的歷程與心境轉折,亦充滿了激勵人心的力量。



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    六然居存 日刊臺灣新民報 社說輯錄 1932~35(光碟)
    編/著/譯者:
    國立臺灣歷史博物館
    語文別:
    中文
    出版機關:
    國立臺灣歷史博物館
    頁數/張數/片數:
    1000 片
    出版年月:
    民國098年12月
    裝訂:

    主題分類:
    出版
    施政分類:
    學、歷史與哲學
    ISBN/ISSN:
    9789860213799
    統一編號:
    4809803774
    內容簡介
    本史料集是繼台史博2008年完成《日刊臺灣新民報 創始初期 1932 4/15~5/31》電子書之後,再次以數位科技,完成珍貴史料的典藏,公開這批難得的史料,實有助於拓展台灣研究的面向。這批史料來自於臺灣重要社會運 動家楊肇嘉先生的數十本日治時期報紙剪貼簿。這些剪貼簿迄今仍為「六然居資料室」所有,並由家屬與六然居資料室妥為管理收藏。本史料集將這些留存超過一甲 子的剪報資料,其中所有日刊《臺灣新民報》的漢文〈社說〉以及和文專欄〈評壇〉等部分,以數位方式編輯這本電子書,是為:《六然居存 日刊臺灣新民報 社說輯錄 1932~35》。



    全集系列/人物影像系列

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    清水六然居--楊肇嘉留真集(圖片影像集)


    清水六然居--楊肇嘉留真集(圖片影像集)

    張炎憲 陳傳興 主編
    吳三連台灣史料基金會 出版
    2003年 12 月出版
    訂價:2000元,304頁,(精印精裝一冊)





    楊肇嘉留真集內容簡介[目次][陳奇祿序][陳郁秀序][蔡萬才序][楊基焜序][吳樹民序]
        楊肇嘉(1892~1976),出生於台中縣清水,是日治時代台灣自治運
      動史上的重量級人物。1925年,被推選為台灣議會設置請願代表,與林獻
      堂等人赴東京請頤,從此積極投入台灣人政治運動,後進入早稻田大學政
      治經濟學系。就讀期間,提攜後進不遺餘力,資助江文也、陳夏雨、李石
      樵、郭雪湖、張星賢等進入各校求學。1927年,並被推舉為台灣民眾黨駐
      日代表發動輿論,向日本要求台灣人的參政權,故有「台灣獅子」之稱。
        1930年,返台擔任台灣地方自治聯盟常務理事,提出「完全地方自治
      制」的主張。1935年赴日反對有損台灣農民利益的「米穀統製法案」。19
      37年之後,戰爭氣氛日益濃厚,楊氏舉家移居東京。1943年,赴中國上海
      經商。1945年,日本戰敗,被推舉為「台灣旅滬同鄉會」理事長,並擔任
      「台灣重建協會」分會理事長,向中國政府交涉台灣人的權益以及回台遣
      送問題。1946年,提出「撤廢行政長官公署,改設省政府,另任賢明廉潔
      之士主持省政」,而得罪陳儀。同年,國民參政員選舉,乃因故落選。19
      47年,二二八事件爆發,赴南京提出和平解決之建議,並返台調查,但被
      隔離監視,旋坐原機返南京。1950年,出任台灣省政府民政廳長,負責辦
      理戰後首屆地方自治選舉。1962年,應聘為總統府國策顧問。
        楊肇嘉一生,除堅持台灣人立場批判統治者,參與政治運動爭取台灣
      人權益外,楊氏幾乎散盡家財來義助文化事業,如:報紙、文學、藝術、
      體育、飛行等活動,並且大力協助許多台灣青年赴日求學,研習美術、雕
      塑、音樂、作曲、體育、醫藥、甚至飛行士等專門學科。他的文化贊助行
      動,直接或間接的促進了日治時代到戰後台灣文藝運動的勃興。這本《楊
      肇嘉留真集》便是他多采多姿的一生最真實珍貴的影像記錄,更是研究臺
      灣近代人物、殖民運動史及早期國府統治臺灣的重要資料。



           005 序一:《楊肇嘉留真集》序/陳奇祿
           006 序二:《楊肇嘉留真集》序/陳郁秀
           007 序三:為《楊肇嘉留真集》寄言/蔡萬才
           008 序四:先父的先見和對台灣的貢獻/楊基焜
           009 序五:分享台灣前輩的人生風采/吳樹民
           011 導論:影像‧記憶‧楊肇嘉/張炎憲
           019 威嚴背後的情──女兒心中的父親/楊湘玲
           023 六然居的世界──媳婦心中的肇嘉先生/楊陳秦
           031 台灣熱/陳傳興
           040 留真圖集
           289 年表
           298 徵引及參考書目
           300 謝誌
           301 「楊肇嘉檔案」整理工作報告



    楊肇嘉先生是我們台灣的人傑,他在日治時期就投身台灣政治與
      文化運動,參與台灣議會設置請願運動、加入台灣地方自治同盟,貢
      獻智慧與心血,爭取台灣人在日本殖民統治之下的尊嚴;戰後出任台
      灣省民政廳長,對於地方自治的落實更是躬自規劃,為台灣的地方自
      治制度奠立良模。此外,他對於台灣文學藝術的關心和獎掖更是不遺
      餘力,在台灣文化的整建過程中,卓有建樹。
        肇嘉先生一生識人無數,經歷豐富,而且生前即親自收集、整理
      了相關檔案及資料,在其故後,子孫仍細心加以維護及保存,為台灣
      社會留下了極其珍貴的文化資產。吳三連台灣史料基金會這次出版《
      楊肇嘉留真集》,係接受楊家家屬委託,以楊肇嘉先生生前蒐集、保
      存的豐富照片收藏為本,經由工作同仁耗費長久心力,仔細研析、辨
      識,並針對照片的歷史意涵加以解說。因此透過本書,我們可以理解
      台灣自日治時期以來的歷史與文化變遷,也透過這些曾經是楊肇嘉先
      生珍愛寶貴的重要照片,那已經消逝的歷史宛然昨日,又清晰地回到
      今日讀者的面前。我想,這是出版本書最重要的意義所在。非常高興
      看到楊肇嘉先生這批珍貴史料順利出土,這不僅是本基金會接受楊家
      家屬委託的責任,更是對台灣歷史和社會貢獻的具體成果。





     但更重要的是,楊肇嘉先生不僅獻身社會運動,也強烈關懷台灣
      的文學和藝術發展,他自日治時期以來就提供金錢扶持文學藝術作家
      ,受過他扶持的人不在少數,且後來都成為建樹台灣文化的精英;而
      他生前喜好知識、搜羅重要文獻和照片的雅好,加上仔細剪報的習慣
      ,更在無意中為台灣歷史留下了豐富的史料。
        這次吳三連台灣史料基金會編印《楊肇嘉留真集》不僅讓我們目
      睹了楊肇嘉先生生前所蒐集保存的珍貴資料,也讓我們從中看到日治
      以來台灣政治、社會、經濟與文化的歷史原貌。
        郁秀自出任文建會主委以來,對於台灣文化的保存、整建與開創
      ,無一不戮力以赴,希望累積前人心血、鼓舞當代文化風潮、誘發文
      化生命力的再創造;同時對於民間機構主動參與文化建設,更以感佩
      之心全力支持。看到楊家家屬苦心蒐藏前人資料、吳三連台灣史料基
      金會致力於前輩檔案的整理及研究,如今第一份成果《楊肇嘉留真集
      》即將呈現在國人面前,實在倍感欣慰和敬佩。
        文化建設,是台灣人民與社會共同的責任。本書的出版融合了楊
      家家屬的無私、全體工作人員的辛勤努力以及政府的支持補助,正可
      以說明整建台灣文化需要朝野、民間與學界的攜手合作,也讓我們看
      到台灣文化富足的內涵和可貴的精神所在。


    楊肇嘉(1892年10月13日-1976年4月19日),台灣政治人物、社會運動家。

    目錄


    [编辑]早年經歷與努力

    出生於台中牛罵頭牛埔子(清水鎮秀水)佃農楊送之家,本名番兒,兄弟共十三人,排行第七。1897年過繼給台中縣清水鎮首富、前清誥授奉政大夫楊澄若為養子,改名楊肇嘉,排行第三,養母陳氏春玉無子嗣。因養父家境寬裕,1901年,楊肇嘉得以進入牛罵頭公學校就讀。1908年(明治41年)赴日本東京市黑田高等小學校就讀,隔年再轉入東京京華商業學校1917年(大正6年)楊澄若任牛罵頭區長,一切實務均由楊肇嘉代理。1920年(大正9年)地方制度改制,楊肇嘉任清水街長,向當局爭取海線鐵路經清水、沙鹿之建築計劃。

    [编辑]投身台灣民族運動

    楊氏投身台灣民族運動,主要是受蔡惠如影響。1925年(大正14年)楊氏不顧總督府之壓迫,代表台灣議會設置請願運動赴東京請願。1926年入早稻田大學攻讀政治經濟,同時任東京新民會常務理事,並結交日本政界開明人士,厚植台灣民族運動之根基。1930年,楊氏於東京反對台灣總督府重發「阿片吸食牌照」,由新民會刊印《台灣阿片問題》發佈各界,迫使總督府收回成命。1930年林獻堂等人致書楊氏回台主持台灣地方自治聯盟1933年楊肇嘉偕同葉清耀葉榮鐘赴朝鮮考察地方自治制度。自1931年春台灣民眾黨被禁後,台灣地方自治聯盟即擔負台灣民族運動之責。九一八事變後,以荻洲立兵為首之軍部,對台人壓迫日深,至1934年台灣議會請願運動亦被迫停止。1935年總督府實施第一屆市會及街莊協議會員選舉,地方自治聯盟獲勝,不過仍未達成實質的地方自治。同年8月,林獻堂在地方自治聯盟會員大會中,提議改組為政黨,未獲通過。1936年林獻堂引發「祖國事件」。1937年4月,台灣報刊全面廢止中文版,在此情勢下,楊氏遷居東京,與林獻堂、吳三連共謀他計。1939年總督府提出米穀管理案,楊氏與吳三連等人策劃抵制。1940年1月18日蔡培火、吳三連以「反軍思想」之嫌遭逮捕,楊氏決意投奔祖國。1941年,擬取道朝鮮,轉北京,往上海,但於新義州時,被疑為重慶間諜而遭到逮捕,後由吳金川營救而出。

    [编辑]戰後經歷

    戰後,楊氏自上海回台,於民國38年(1949年)出任省府委員,兼任民政廳長。民國39年(1950年)辦理第一屆縣市議員選舉,善後「八七水災」。綜而言之,楊肇嘉急公好義,於日治時期助成無數台灣青年,如獎勵青年畫家(如李石樵)參加「帝展」、資助飛行家、鼓勵文學青年翻譯《紅樓夢》等。

    [编辑]參考資料

    [编辑]外部連結

    • 莊永明的台灣古早味:1934811:琴韻歌聲揚鄉土
    • 數位典藏國家型科技計畫

    The Wealth of Nations by Adam Smith

    這則胡說八道的商業書選說: 1776年的 {(諸)國富(裕)論}登首選
    有空作一下它在中文界的(極少)流傳記

    "If [justice] is removed, the great, the immense fabric of human society, that fabric which to raise and support seems in this world if I may say so has the peculiar and darling care of Nature, must in a moment crumble into atoms."
    --from "The Wealth of Nations" by Adam Smith
    Published in 1776, in the same year as the Declaration of Independence, The Wealth of Nations has had an equally great impact on the course of modern history. Adam Smith’s celebrated defense of free market economies was written with such expressive power and clarity that the first edition sold out in six months. While its most remarkable and enduring innovation was to see the whole of economic life as a unified system, it is notable also as one of the Enlightenment’s most eloquent testaments to the sanctity of the individual in his relation to the state. READ an excerpt from the introduction by Robert Reichhere: http://knopfdoubleday.com/book/168734/the-wealth-of-nations/

    1776 classic voted best business book ever

    The Wealth of Nations, Adam Smith's influential 231-year-old economic treatise, has been voted the best business book of all time.
    In a poll by the Financial Times, the book published in 1776 was voted the winner by a "wide margin" ahead of Barbarians at the Gate, the 1990 account by Bryan Burrough and John Helyar of the leveraged buy-out of RJR Nabisco, the US conglomerate formed in 1985 through the merger of Nabisco Brands and R.J. Reynolds Tobacco Company.
    Andrew Hill, associate editor of the FT, said: "One of the measures of greatness in the broad genre of books on business, economics and finance is that it should stand the test of time. The Wealth of Nations, published more than 200 years ago but still regularly cited, clearly passes that test and is a worthy winner."
    Henry Tang, the Hong Kong government's chief secretary for administration and one of the judges who selected five business books which were put to the vote of FT readers, said The Wealth of Nations had helped "lay down the foundation of free market economics".
    Other judges included Sir Stelios Haji-Ioannou, founder of easyJet, Scott Moeller, from Cass Business School and Lakshmi Mittal, president and CEO of steel giant ArcelorMittal.
    The other choices in the poll were The Effective Executive by Peter Drucker, Good to Great by Jim Collins and The Innovator's Dilemma by Clay Christensen.

    Aristotle’s “Nicomachean Ethics”...The Art of Friendship




    The Paris Review


    Philia roughly translates to “friendship” in Aristotle’s “Nicomachean Ethics,” an enduring source for understanding the ethics of friendship




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    The Art of Friendship

    THEPARISREVIEW.ORG|由 JESSICA VIVIAN CHIU 上傳

    The Art of Friendship

    November 20, 2012 | by 
    Philia, the root of Philadelphia, roughly translates to “friendship” in Aristotle’sNicomachean Ethics, an enduring source for understanding the ethics of friendship. Aristotle identifies three essential bases for friendship: utility, pleasure, and virtue. Friendships of virtue, Aristotle believes, are ideal because only they are based on recognition.
    When I was thirty, I moved back to Philadelphia. I had only been gone a few years, and though I knew better, I had half expected it to be just as I’d left it. It was not: most of my friends had left the city altogether or moved, married, to the edges of town. Occasionally, I would run into people I had once known, encounters that produced deep and surprising embarrassment in me; unexplained life choices digested in fast, always alienating, appraisal. The more unsettling thing was that my close friendships were changing, too.
    Friendship has never seemed both more important and less relevant than it does now. The concept surfaces primarily when we worry over whether our networked lives impair the quality of our connections, our community. On a nontheoretical level, adult friendship is its own puzzle. The friendships we have as adults are the intentional kind, if only because time is short. During this period, I began to consider the subject. What is essential in friendship? Why do we tolerate difference and distance? What is the appropriate amount to give? And around this same time, I discovered the curious, decades-long friendship between the writers Sherwood Anderson, Theodore Dreiser, and the sculptor Wharton Esherick. Their relationship seemed to me model in some ways; they were friends for over twenty years, mostly living in different cities. Each man was dedicated to pursuing his own line of work, and the insecurities and single-mindedness of ambition seemed analogous too to the ways that adulthood can separate us from our friends.
    Wharton Esherick’s studio and living space is preserved as a museum, about thirty miles outside Philadelphia. It stands in a cluster of the artist’s other handmade buildings on a little wooded lot. Esherick created much of what is found inside the museum, from the smooth-grained floorboards to the furniture, chairs, and oblong tables balanced on shapely legs or held up by a geometry of them. There are carved doors and coat pegs, tiny busts of the workmen who built the house, plus that of a songbird that often visited. In what used to be the bedroom is a photograph of Sherwood Anderson. “I produce because I want to make something with my talent equal to [my friend’s] production,” Esherick once said. “Fine music makes fine pictures. Fine pictures make fine drama. Fine drama makes fine music or poetry or song. Each stimulates the other… ”
    Esherick met Anderson in the propitious-sounding refuge of Fairhope, Alabama. It was spring, 1920. Friendship, some say, is the province of youth, but Esherick was thirty-two when he met Anderson, who was forty-three at the time. Each man was near the start of his artistic career. (Anderson had recently published Winesburg, Ohio). Fairhope was a respite for Anderson from a struggling marriage; for Esherick, it was an escape from financial stress. The colony was (and remains today) a single-tax community, born from socialist utopian ideals. “A resort &hellip full of middle class eccentrics… ” Anderson sniffed at first arrival. Later, even he was seduced by the idylls of the place. (He declared he’d gone “color mad”). It was a productive, happy time; the men spent mornings at work and afternoons in shared recreation, in the woods or on the water.
    Legend has it that it was Anderson who spied Esherick’s talent for woodwork first. At the time, Esherick considered himself a painter, and he was planning an exhibition for the community. As an experiment, he carved a frame for his painting Moonlight. The frame is engraved with sprays of pine needles gilded in bronze paint. It surrounds a dark impressionist-looking painting of a stand of Alabama pines. Anderson is said to have advised Esherick to quit painting for woodwork on sight. The influence that Anderson had on Esherick’s move from painting is unknown, but it’s not hard to imagine that Anderson’s recognition and encouragement of Esherick’s talent came at an opportune time. Esherick had been frustrated by his inability to find his own painting style. “If I can’t paint like Esherick, I can at least sculpt like Esherick,“ the artist said.
    Do all friendships have a Fairhope-like heart, wherein the potential of friendship is a place, real or imagined, that we continue to inhabit even when reality challenges sentiment? Sentiment, the thing that Lionel Trilling said cost Anderson the ability to convey meaning in writing, may have no better host than friendship. Consider Anderson’s story “Loneliness.” In it, Enoch Robinson is a man of secret ambition and yearning. He sets out to be an artist in the familiar way. He goes to New York City and discovers people who set him aflame with enthusiasm, but who also have the uneasy effect of making him stupefied and mute, sidelined. Somewhat abruptly, Enoch gets married, becomes a father, dispatches to the suburbs. For a time, he takes pride in appearances, but a gnawing dissatisfaction gets the better of him. He leaves. Alone, Enoch peoples a room with invisible men and women, in whose special company Enoch finds happiness at last. When he meets a woman who promises real companionship, he feels his imaginary friends threatened. He drives her away and she flees, “taking all his people with her.”
    There is an uneasy symmetry between the lives of Sherwood Anderson and Enoch Robinson. Anderson was a prosperous businessman until he made a dramatic break from his job and family. Shortly after, he took up writing full time. Anderson even kept a room in his country house full of photos of friends and men he admired. ‘[Y]ou may think it’s a poor substitute,” he wrote to H. L. Menken, in a letter requesting that Menken send a picture to add to his wall, “but a picture framed and hung up in a room I am in and out of every day does seem to bring my friends closer… ” The letter carries a whiff of Enoch Robinson’s ruinous impulses, giving the faint impression that friendship is a self-validating enterprise, friends themselves less important. Fortunately, likeness is fleeting. Enoch, hamstrung by ego, threatened by actuality, is condemned to life as an outcast; Anderson had many friends and admirers. And though he built a career on writing about alienation as a symptom of industrial life, he was not indifferent to its pleasures. He died, in 1941, after choking on a martini toothpick while cruise-bound for South America.
    One day in 1916, Anderson, a longtime admirer of Dreiser’s, dropped in on the other man, uninvited. Dreiser closed the door in Anderson’s face, then promptly went to his desk to write a letter to Anderson apologizing for the bad behavior. “My first attempt to come a little closer to Dreiser,” Anderson admitted later, “was a failure.” Esherick’s first overtures to Dreiser were similarly rebuffed. Invited by an actress named Kirah Markham, Dreiser visited a theater near where the Eshericks lived with instructions to stay with the Eshericks overnight. It was 1924. When the theater lights dimmed, Esherick tapped Dreiser on the shoulder to whisper introduction and Dreiser, surprised, awkward as ever, pointedly ignored him.
    The letters between Anderson, Esherick, and Dreiser are rich in the Aristotelian pleasure. Letters sent between 1920 and 1940 note arrivals, departures, delays, and visits to and from homes in Paoli, rural Virginia, New York City, and Mount Kisco. The men sailed on the Barnegat Bay, walked together in woods, drank and socialized together. They were ribald. Esherick’s papers include letters decorated with lusty doodles, a bosomy woman showering nude, a sketch of Anderson’s enormous rear end. Utility, too, emerges in material and emotional support. Dreiser employed Esherick to work on Dreiser’s country house in Mount Kisco; Esherick collaborated with Anderson on his collection of essays No Swank. When Esherick’s wife was hospitalized, it was Dreiser who offered words of reassurance and support. Dreiser penned Anderson’s eulogy and Esherick created the gravestone, a crescent that rises out of the ground, curving round itself, that reads, “Life, not death, is the great adventure.”
    I had hoped the letters might reveal something about friendship: how to be a good friend, when to let go. And they did—but in negative. Virtue, it seems, lives in action; the ways that we make recognition known in matters important and not. Dreiser to Esherick: “Your future today is absolutely all ahead of you.” Anderson to Dreiser: “Jennie, Sister Carrie, the boy in Tragedy … In any one of such stories you break so much ground… ” Esherick’s scene-by-scene report to Anderson about the performance of a staging of Anderson’s Winesburg near Esherick’s home. The men gossiped, joked, and advised each other on reading, professional opportunities, family matters.
    Friendship, Aristotle suggests, is the most immediate form of public personhood; it motivates a person for moral excellence, ennobles us to become a stronger unit for a social whole. And yet, the thing is this: the very material of friendship is the exchange of it. In friendship, sentiment is the relationship. Friendship may have a public aspect, but it is essentially a private exchange. If the letters between Anderson, Esherick, and Dreiser showed me anything, it is that friendship remains the special provenance of those who live it.
    My own friendships go on changing, adjusting by degrees to demands that I won’t totally understand. A becomes a parent. B wrestles over what a career should look like. C’s stubborn nostalgia threatens to uproot what we still have in common. The reassuring thing is that no single law rules over us. Friendship is a return, as variable as we are.
    Jessica Vivian Chiu lives in Philadelphia, PA.

    Naguib Mahfouz:自傳的回聲(Echoes from an Autobiography)"Khufu's Wisdom"

    Naguib Mahfouz
    (born Dec. 11, 1911, Cairo, Egypt — died Aug. 30, 2006, Cairo) Egyptian writer.
    He worked in the cultural section of the Egyptian civil service from 1934 to 1971.

    His major work, the Cairo Trilogy (1956 – 57) — including the novels Palace Walk, Palace of Desire, and Sugar Street — represents a penetrating overview of 20th-century Egyptian society"開羅三部曲(The Cairo Trilogy, 1956-1957),作品由「宮廷街」(Palace Walk)、「思宮街」(Palace of Desire)和「甘露街」(Sugar Street)三個部分所組成,描寫一個阿塞伊.阿瑪德(Al-Sayyid Ahmad)封建家庭三代人的生活與遭遇。故事始於一九一九年反英國殖民主義戰爭,終於一九五二年埃及正式獨立和納塞將軍發動「七二三革命」前夕,是一部兼具社會寫實和歷史史詩的反帝國主義長篇巨著。阿塞伊.阿瑪德育有二女三男,三個男子中,法米(Fahmy)是一個理想主義悲劇者的代表,他在反英示威中獻出了身軀;亞辛(Yasin)是個放蕩的享樂主義者,沉淪於封建腐敗的泥淖中;凱默(Kamal)代表迷惘、探索和矛盾的一代。馬哈福茲通過一個「兒子反叛」的家族革命來折射埃及二十世紀上半葉反英鬥爭、反封建革命、現代化改革、婦女解放以及東西方文化碰撞下的社會劇變和價值衝突,特別是透過學生運動和群眾抗議事件,描寫了埃及從英國殖民走向民族獨立,從法老封建蛻變為君主立憲的艱辛歷程。"

    Subsequent works offer critical views of the Egyptian monarchy, colonialism, and contemporary Egypt.

    Other well-known novels include Midaq Alley (1947), Children of Gebelawi (1959), and Miramar (1967).

    He also wrote short-story collections, some 30 screenplays, and several stage plays. In 1988 he became the first Arabic writer to win the Nobel Prize for Literature.

    馬哈福茲只能在病榻上以小紙片寫作

    1996年,他匯集曾在《金字塔報》連載的隨感錄出版,題名《自傳的迴聲(Echoes from an Autobiography)。這部充滿伊斯蘭哲人「蘇菲」(Sufi)智慧的格言式語錄,表達了馬哈福茲對整整一個世紀的懷念、感傷和體悟。人在垂幕之年,還以「幼年哲學家」自稱,謙遜、寬恕和愛,是這位智慧老人留給人間的不朽話語。
    [埃及]納吉布·馬哈福茲 著 (自傳的回聲),薛慶國 譯, 北京:光明日報出版社,2001
    目錄: 譯者序·智慧人生的啟迪
    自傳的回聲
    馬哈福茲談話錄
    p.3
    祈禱
      我還不到七歲時,就曾為革命祈禱。我還不到七歲時,就曾為革命祈禱。
      有一天早晨,我由女僕陪著去上學。有一天早晨,我由女僕陪著去上學。 我走著,好象被人押赴監獄一般手裏拿著作業本,眼裏露出憂愁,心裏盼望著出點亂子。寒風吹來,刺痛我短了一截的褲筒下麵幾乎裸露的小腿。校門關閉著,工友扯著大嗓門說:“今天有遊行,又停課了!”
      一陣喜悅襲上心頭,幾乎讓我飛抵幸福之岸。

      我從心底裏祈求真主,願革命永遠進行下去!
    p.9

       信物
      一朵乾枯的玫瑰,花瓣已經破碎,這是我在整理藏書時從一排書後發現的。
      我笑了。已逝的遙遠往事綻露出瞬間的亮光。
      懷念溜出時光掌,存活了五分鐘。
      乾枯的花瓣散發出密語般的芳香。
      我想起一位智者朋友的話:“記憶的力量顯示在回憶裏,也顯示在遺忘中。

    p.13
       魅影魅影
      做完晨禱,我在空曠的大街上遊蕩。有秋風作伴,在靜謐的清夜散步真好。走到沙漠的邊際,我在一塊被稱為“孩子之母”的岩石上坐下。
      我極目遠眺,眼前沙漠的迷宮披著細柔的緇衣。忽然,似乎看到許多影子朝著城市蠕動。我心想:“或許是治安人員吧。”但第一個影子已走過我的面前,我看清楚是一具骷髏,眼眶裏冒著凶光。
      我坐在岩石上,驚恐不已。鬼魅的影子一個個躡足而過。
      我顫抖地揣測:我的沉睡的城市白天會遭什麼兇險……



    p.19

       應答
      在一次政治辯論中,一位議員向大臣發問:“你能給我找出一個純潔而未受污染的人嗎?”
      大臣應答道:“有啊。譬如說:兒童、白癡、狂人等等。所以這世界依然平安無事。”


    p.20

       一分錢
      我覺得自己是在路上徘徊的兒童。手裏拿著一分錢,但已忘了母親要我買什麼了。怎麼想都記不起來。 但可以肯定的是,我出門要買的東西最多就值一分錢。
    p.23

      
      雨,把我們趕進一座老宅的門廊。外面大雨如注,雷聲隆隆,裡面日光晦冥。 我們在狹窄的門廊相對而立,我們之外,就只有樓梯和我們暗中的念頭。 我心想:“好一個女郎啊!”
      她看著涼嗖嗖的雨空,有點局促卻又不失風度,好像是自言自語地說:
     “這雨說來就來,太沒準了。”
      我心神不定,說道:
    “這是賜給眾生的天恩。”
      

    p.25
    禮物
      在孤單無力的老年,思慮像香料的芳香一樣散溢。
      他對埋頭拜神的朋友說,像是在作道歉:
      “我的一生,虛擲在紛繁忙碌的家事與公務中,因而沒抽出時間拜神。”

      當夜,有一個人在夢裏送他一朵白玫瑰,並在他耳邊低語:
      “唯有真誠的崇拜者才配得上這份禮物。”

    p.26
      
      有一天,我發現腳底下踩著一朵玫瑰。花顏依然鮮活,我把它撿
    了起來。
    花顏依然鮮活,我把它撿了起來。
      噢,綠色的枝頭還用白線拴了一張疊起的紙。我好奇地打開,上面寫著:“來吧,你會發現我如你所愛的那樣。”
      我莞爾而笑,心裏猜想:這封信怎麼投錯目標了?為什麼會掉在地上呢?
      我在各種假設和可能的谷地徘徊了片刻,但我讚美起這個愛的源泉已告枯竭的世界。
      我呼吸到了遙遠往昔的氣息,心跳不禁加速起來。
      一下子,我超脫了原先的猶豫。
      我決定現在就作準備,以便在這遼闊的城市裏有我的葬身之所。
    p.29
       黎明時分的低語
      在我生命裏一段關鍵的日子,當愛情讓我登上迷茫和相思之巔,我在黎明時分聽到了一句低語:我在黎明時分聽到了一句低語:
      “祝你愉快!快要告別了。”

      我傷感地閉上眼睛,卻看見為我出殯的隊伍正在行進,我走在隊前,手執一隻斟滿生命醇釀的大杯。

    p.39

       修辭
      教授說:“修辭是奇妙的。”
      我們深以為然,競相舉例加以說明。
      幻想讓我神馳,遙遠的往昔在天真地盤桓。
      我想起一些普普通通、談不上什麼分量的詞語,譬如:你呀……想什麼呢……行了……你這個滑頭……
      可是,這些詞語卻有奇異而朦朧的魅力,令一些人癡迷,讓另一些人沉醉於難以言述的幸福……



       離去離去
      當我參加了他的葬禮,我才意識到他已真的死去。當我參加了他的葬禮,我才意識到他已真的死去。
      凳子上坐滿了弔唁者,不斷有人念誦《古蘭經》。凳子上坐滿了弔唁者,不斷有人念誦《古蘭經》。
      鄰座的人都在交談,有各種各樣的話題;而死者卻沒有一人提起。鄰座的人都在交談,有各種各樣的話題;而死者卻沒有一人提起。
      真的,親愛的,你已經離開了這個世界,這世界也離你而去嘍。真的,親愛的,你已經離開了這個世界,這世界也離你而去嘍。
       生命
      有一天,為生活所迫,我成了攔路的劫賊。一個月黑之夜,我第一次下手,截住一個過路人。
      那人顫抖不已,嚇得半死,苦苦哀求道:“把我的一切都拿走吧,只求你不要傷害我的生命!只求你不要傷害我的生命! ”

      從那時起,我和我的靈魂就一直圍著生命的奧秘盤旋!


       珍珠
      在夢裏,一個人走近我,遞給我一個象牙匣子,說:“收下這份禮吧。
      醒來時,我發現匣子就在枕邊。
      我茫然打開匣子,裏面有一顆榛子般大小的珍珠。
      時不時地,我把珍珠拿給朋友或專家欣賞,問他們:“這顆奇異的珍珠怎麼樣?”
      他們搖搖頭,笑著說:“哪來珍珠?匣子是空的呀!”
      我親眼見到的東西,他們卻矢口否認,我感到驚奇。
      至今仍然沒人相信我。
      但我內心並未絕望。



       海灘上
    我發現自己在沙漠與大海之間的海灘上,感到一種近乎恐怖的孤獨。 一會兒,我茫然的目光看到一位女子,在不遠不近的地方站著。
    我看不清她的面容和神態,但我卻有一種期望,願自己能在她那兒感覺某種親近,或者獲得知識。我向她走去,但我們之間的距離並未縮短,也看不出何時能趕上。我用各種各樣的名字和稱謂呼喚她,但她沒有停下,也未回顧。

      黃昏來臨,萬物漸次隱去,但我並沒有停止期望、追趕和呼喚。


       決鬥
      在少不更事的年代,我和一位朋友鬧了彆扭。
    憤怒的洪水淹沒了友情,他叫我到荒地裏去決鬥,省得有人過來調停。

    我們揮拳掄臂,我們揮拳掄臂, 說去就去,兩人很快扭在一起。一場惡戰之後,我們精疲力盡地倒下,傷口血流不止。
      我們必須在夜幕降臨前回到城裏。
      不互相幫助,我們就回不去。
      我們必須互相包紮傷口,必須互相攙扶而行。
      在踉踉蹌蹌地行走時,心中的敵意冰釋了,青腫的唇邊浮起了笑容。

      於是,寬恕從地平線升起。





       黃昏時的對話
    他是我們的鄰居,是真正的芳鄰賢里。
      黃昏時,他身披鬥蓬,端坐在門口椅子上。
      於是,院落具備了一種莊嚴,樹木也平添了一分靜美。
    當天空告別了最後一隻飛鶴,他的三個兒子收工回家。
      在他們外出朝覲的前夜,他看著孩子們的臉,問道:“往事已矣。
    你們有何心得?

      老大說:“沒有法便沒有希望。”
      老二說:“沒有愛便沒有生命。”
      老三說:“公正是法與愛的基礎。”
      父親笑了,說道:“還必須有一點混亂,好讓糊塗的人們警醒。”
      三兄弟面面相覷,然後異口同聲地說:“您老總是言之有理!”



       幼小的哲學家
      儘管我不樂意,衰老的感覺還是像不速之客一樣來臨。
    我不知如何才能忘懷末日的臨近和漸盛的別緒。

    致敬,我在安逸和愉悅中度過的漫長歲月;致敬,在慈愛、成長和知識的海洋裏享受的生命之樂趣。
    現在那永恆的聲音在預告離別。告別你美麗的世界,前往未知的所在吧。我的心喲,那未知不過是幻滅!拋掉那轉世到另一個生命的幻念吧。那能怎麼樣? 那是為什麼?那是為什麼? 哪一種智慧能說明那個生命存在的必要?
    我能真正理解的,乃是我心靈的憂傷。別了,生活,我從你那裏領會了一切意義,結果你悄然而去,留下了一段沒有任何意義的歷史。
      ——一個已滿九個月的胎兒感想錄



       命運捉弄的人
      我忘不了這個人,他做過我多年的老師。誰都知道他命運多舛, 夫妻不和,家境貧寒;但他又以忍氣吞聲、逆來順受出名。
    年邁以後, 他的不幸又多了一樁:患了動脈硬化。他的記憶日見衰弱,漸漸忘卻了挫折和生活中的種種坎坷,不知不覺倒也減輕了負擔。
    病情愈篤, 他把妻子也完全忘了,不能指認,還詢問她為何待在他的家裏,這樣煩惱又減少許多。

    後來病入膏肓,他連自己都忘了,不知自己是何許人也。因此,他到達了愉悅的巔峰,逃出了嚴酷生活的魔掌,連原先可憐他的人們也羨慕他了。


       幸福的歸宿
      小鳥翩躚而複歡歌,多麼美麗!有一回,在我心蕩神移的時候,我高喊著:“但願我生來是只小鳥!”突然,我真的變成了小鳥。
    我盤旋著,歌唱著,在枝頭跳來蹦去。
    根據已往的經驗,我提防著貓和蛇,迷戀著陽光。
    我一向羡慕鳥兒,它們飛旋著,能看見地面上癡情者難見的愛人的美貌。
    我經過徒勞的嘗試後深信:只有飛起來,才能從樹木的頂端一睹芳容。

    我的目光因相思而變得灼熱,我左顧右盼,愛人正在庭院深處徜徉呢。
    我暢飲著喜悅的醇釀,至酩酊而後快。有一天,我看見圍牆上有一盤燕麥,不禁垂涎,便忘記了戒忌,飛了過去,用我的喙貪婪而快活地啄食。
    這時,一隻手輕輕地把我捉住,一個悅耳的聲音說:
       “你終於上當了。”
      她把我放進籠子,她的觸摸讓我全身陶醉,只有天堂的佳釀才給人這般感覺。
      每當我幸運的杯盞溢滿了幸福,她便光彩奪目地走來,端詳著我,給我添水加食。
      我欣喜若狂。

      餘暇時,我瞅著樹上的一群群鳥兒,見它們歡快地翩躚歌唱;但有愛人近在身邊,它們的翩躚和歌唱都不值一提了。




       河流
      在洶湧的生活旋渦裏,我們有一回在公共場所相遇。
      這個笑吟吟地看著我的老婦人是誰呢?
      或許在不遠的過去我們曾在這世上見過?
      她的笑容更粲然了,我也報以同樣的笑臉。
      她問:“你想不起來了?”
      我更使勁地笑著。
      她以只有老人們才有的率直說:“你做學生時,曾是我的第一次嘗試。”
      沈默了一會兒,她又說:“當初我們就差一步了。”
      我茫然地思量:那美好的生活到哪兒去了?


       講經課
      我急匆匆地趕路,要去聽一堂講經課。
    路上,我見到一個衣衫襤褸、愁容滿面的老漢在哭泣,我生怕趕
    不上聽課,就沒有過問。

      夫子登上中間的講臺,掃視著四周,眼光落在我身上
    他示意我走過去,然後湊在我耳邊低聲說:
      “你沒有理睬那個哭泣的老漢,浪費了一個行善的機會,那是在我今天的課上得不到的。”

       疑問疑問
      隊伍在笛聲和鼓樂的引導下,開始在沙漠中行進。四周寂然,一切都看不到盡頭
    我心裏忽然起了個疑問:隊伍的頭領會走在什麼位置?
      旁邊的人知道了,說:“走在前頭嘛,這樣才符合他的身份。可你為什麼要問呢?”
      旁邊另一個人卻說:“他或許走在隊尾,好觀察一切動靜。可這跟你有什麼關係?”
      我不知如何作答。我不知如何作答。 我以為事情到此為止,等走完行程就能知道答案。
      可我發現人們交頭接耳,一雙雙眼睛都在覷我。懷疑在隊伍裏蔓延開來。

    主啊,我怎麼讓他們相信我並無惡意,我對頭領的忠心不遜於他們中任何一人呢?
      一個人板著臉走近我,說道:“請離開隊伍,讓我們太太平平。”
      我只好走出隊伍,獨處於茫茫的大漠和無盡的憂愁中。
       黑暗中
      在沒有一絲亮光的黑夜,我趕路回家。路上碰到一個影子,我警覺地一閃,問道:“真主的奴僕,你是誰?”
      他說:“或許你就是我在找的那個交好運的人。"
      “你指什麼好運?”

      他和悅地說道:“我邀請你到家裏參加一個充滿愛情和歡娛的晚會。”
      我覺得他在說胡話。
    在這懷疑的一瞬,他遲疑的氣息消失了,我知道他已隱身而去。
      我後悔起來,為自己錯失一個或許能交好運的機會。

      我依舊在黑暗中盤桓,我呼喚著,以至喊啞了嗓子。


       先覺者
      我們應邀去一位朋友家參加晚會。我們在小花園裡圍朋友而坐,柑桔花的芳香令我們陶醉。
    朋友向我們介紹一個難得的專案,希望我們參加投資。火柴光亮起時,我看到一位夥伴心不在焉,原來已遁入夢鄉。 我用胳膊捅他一下,但他沒有理我。
      回去的路上,我對他說:“朋友的講話,你肯定一句都沒聽。”
      他淡淡地說出讓我吃驚的話:“我的心告訴我,他在太陽升起前就要去世!”
      奇怪的是,在太陽升起之前,那個談論專案的朋友果真去世了。
      更奇的是,那位有先知先覺的朋友,也在黎明時去世了。
      從那一天起,每當歲月帶來一段好時光,我都不願因思量往事或來事而錯過。
       簡史
    第一次戀愛時我還是兒童。 我遊戲歲月,直到死神自天際顯現。
    在青春之初,我懂得了夭折的愛人留下的不朽愛情。

    我淹沒在生活的大海裏。
    愛人去了,記憶在正午的烈日下燃燒。

    我心中的嚮導把我引向虛偽的目標。
    有時完美的主人浮現,有時已故的愛人隱現。
      我明白我和死神之間有著嫌隙,但我註定要懷有希望。





    “A priest's life is spent between question and answer-- or between a question and the attempt to answer it. The question is the summary of the spiritual life.”
    ―from "Khufu's Wisdom" by Naguib Mahfouz
    From Nobel laureate Naguib Mahfouz: the three magnificent novels—published in an omnibus edition for the first time—that form an ancient-Egyptian counterpart to his famous Cairo Trilogy. Mahfouz reaches back thousands of years to bring us tales from his homeland's majestic early history—tales of the Egyptian nobility and of war, star-crossed love, and the divine rule of the pharoahs. In Khufu's Wisdom, the legendary Fourth Dynasty monarch faces the prospect of the end of his rule and the possibility that his daughter has fallen in love with the man prophesied to be his successor. Rhadopis of Nubia is the unforgettable story of the charismatic young Pharoah Merenra II and the ravishing courtesan Rhadopis, whose love affair makes them the envy of all Egyptian society. And Thebes at War tells the epic story of Egypt's victory over the Asiatic foreigners who dominated the country for two centuries. Three Novels of Ancient Egypt gives us a dazzling tapestry of ancient Egypt and reminds us of the remarkable artistry of Naguib Mahfouz.



    BRAVE NEW WORLD by Aldous Huxley

    Aldous Leonard Huxley died in Los Angeles, United States on this day in 1963 (aged 69).
    "Words can be like X-rays, if you use them properly - they'll go through anything. You read and you're pierced."
    --Helmholtz Watson from BRAVE NEW WORLD by Aldous Huxley


    A towering classic of dystopian satire, BRAVE NEW WORLD is a brilliant and terrifying vision of a soulless society—and of one man who discovers the human costs of mindless conformity. Hundreds of years in the future, the World Controllers have created an ideal civilization. Its members, shaped by genetic engineering and behavioral conditioning, are productive and content in roles they have been assigned at conception. Government-sanctioned drugs and recreational sex ensure that everyone is a happy, unquestioning consumer; messy emotions have been anesthetized and private attachments are considered obscene. Only Bernard Marx is discontented, developing an unnatural desire for solitude and a distaste for compulsory promiscuity. When he brings back a young man from one of the few remaining Savage Reservations, where the old unenlightened ways still continue, he unleashes a dramatic clash of cultures that will force him to consider whether freedom, dignity, and individuality are worth suffering for. READ an excerpt from the introduction here: http://knopfdoubleday.com/book/84791/brave-new-world/

    陳鼎《瞎尊者傳》《石濤的世界 》、Jonathan Hay 《石濤-清初中國的繪畫與現代性》 / (楊成寅)/ 程抱一《石濤:生命的滋味》


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    野色-瞎尊者石涛等二种

    2册 野色-瞎尊者石涛等二种 
    现代出版 
    纸本 精装 二册 
    提要:1979年纽约大都会博物馆出版《野色-瞎尊者石涛》,1969年伦敦伦德?休姆夫雷出版公司《十七世纪中国绘画大师》,收录十七世纪董其昌、吴历、清初四僧、王时敏、王原祁等画作。 

    Search Results


    《石濤的世界 》台北:雄獅美術春季增刊,1973.4,約214頁、160餘幅,王女士贈書2003 (現在某處拍賣價:3000元)

    書名: 
    石濤的世界 /李葉霜撰述
    作者: 
    李,葉霜 等撰述
    主要作者: 
    版本: 
    初版,
    出版資訊: 
    臺北市, 雄獅美術月刊社 民62[1973]
    外形著錄: 
    220面; 部份彩圖 22公分
    一般註:
    雄獅美術春季増刊
    主題:
    石濤 (1630-1707?) -學術思想 -繪畫
    石濤 (1630-1707?) -作品集
    其他題名: 
    Shih Tao and his world


    石濤(せきとう、Shitao、崇禎15年(1642年)年[1] - 康煕46年(1707年))は、初に活躍した遺民画人である。靖江王府(今の広西チワン族自治区桂林市)に靖江王家の末裔として生まれる。俗称を朱若極、石濤はであり後に道号とした。僧となってから法諱を原済(元済)・済とし、清湘陳人・大滌子・苦瓜和尚・小乗客・瞎尊者などと号した。
    明王室の末裔にあたり、八大山人とも縁戚があった。髡残弘仁とで三高僧、八大山人を加えて四画僧と呼ばれる。また髡残の号が石谿であることから二石とも称された。黄山派の巨匠とされ、その絵画芸術の豊かな創造性と独特の個性の表現により清朝きっての傑出した画家に挙げられる。

    代表作[編集]

    • 「山水図十二屏」1671年 福建積翠園芸術館
    • 「細雨虯松図軸」1687年 上海博物館
    • 「黄山八勝画冊」 京都、泉屋博古館
    • 「黄山図巻」1699年 京都、泉屋博古館
    • 「捜尽奇峰図巻」1691年 北京、故宮博物院
    • 「為禹老道兄作山水冊」ニューヨーク、王季遷家コレクション
    • 「廬山観瀑図軸」 京都、泉屋博古館、重要文化財

    ****
    我以前提的問題,現在還無解:主要是應有石濤全部作品 (含偽作)一覽表。
    《詩意圖》提的字數,都遠多於下文:

    (胡適日記: 頁390)
     1949 3 7 日為呂平得*君題(石濤畫冊)。石濤自題云,「不識乾坤老青青天外山。」可見遺民不肯拋棄希望的心事。
     不知是否此冊
    April 23, 2010
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    對近代著名畫家張大千影響至深的清代革新派畫家石濤,其作品「杜甫詩意冊」(原名《石濤畫冊》)將於下月28日由佳士得拍賣,估值達1億2000萬元,創 香港中國古代書畫拍賣歷來最高估價。此外,香港蘇黎世亞洲將於24日起一連三天舉行郵票拍賣會,包括一枚未曾發行的「1968年毛主席給日本工人題詞八分 郵票」,該郵票估價高達40萬港元。(圖:東方日報提供)


     程抱一《石濤:生命的滋味》,收入《中國詩畫研究:中國藝術的虛與實第二部:石濤》

     

    石濤

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    石濤
    作者:楊成寅 編著, 出版社:中國人民大學出版社, 出版日期:2003-

    內容簡介

    本書對內涵豐富深刻、具有嚴整思想體系的《石濤畫語錄》的重要篇章段落以及石濤其他理論性強的題畫詩文分類作了詳細的注釋。在此基礎上,對石濤的畫學思想 和繪畫技法作了深入淺出的分析。對于石濤繪畫創作各個時期的代表作和後期的創新作品,也聯系他的畫學思想作了獨特的、有創見的分析評價。本書圖文並茂,既 有學術性,又有可讀性。

    作者簡介︰

    楊成寅,1926年生,河南南陽人,美術理論家、雕塑家。長期從事美術理論和美學教學工作。20世紀80年代迄今,撰寫了數十篇在全國美術界具有影響的評 論文章,為推動美學理論研究、促進美術創作的發展作出了貢獻。現為中國美術學院教授、浙江省美學學會會長。出版的主要著作有《石濤畫學本義》、《美學範疇 概論》等,主要譯著有《藝術概論》(蘇聯)、《美學概論》(法國)、《美的分析》(英國)等。



    Hay, Jonathan (2001). Shitao: Painting and Modernity in Early Qing China. New York: Cambridge University Press.

    石濤-清初中國的繪畫與現代性

    作者用一 Arte Povera
    必須進一步解釋一下

    石濤(1642–1707)
    為中國明清畫壇巨擘,創作風格獨特,深受時人與後世推崇。本書主要聚焦於1697至1707年間,當 石濤身處揚州且目前留存作品數量最多的晚期階段。作者綜合運用中國傳統的研究理路、西方的形式分析和圖像學分析,以及因1970年代英美學界「新藝術史」 興起而形成的一套社會詮釋模式,探討石濤這位偉大畫家的社會、政治、心理、經濟和宗教等五大面向,揭示其繪畫實踐的複雜性。作者同時以現代性架構石濤的生 平與藝術,並以自主性、自我意識與懷疑界定石濤繪畫的主體性。相信閱讀本書將可獲得一種與閱讀當今其他藝術史著作完全不同的體驗。

    作 者簡介

    喬迅(Jonathan Hay)
    1956年出生於英 國。
    1978年獲英國倫敦大學亞非學院學士。
    1989年獲美國耶魯大學藝術史博士。

    現任美國紐約大學美術史研究所 (Institute of Fine Arts, New York University)講座教授。
    其研究專長領域為中 國藝術史、中國當代藝術、以及藝術史理論與方法等,特別是關於中國現代性與視覺文化議題。2002–03年曾獲古根漢研究基金(Guggenheim Fellowship)。自1989年起陸續發表關於中國晚期與當代藝術的論文和評論多篇,如 “The Kangxi Emperor’s Brush-Traces: Calligraphy, Writing, and the Art of Imperial Authority.” In Wu Hung and Katherine Tsiang Mino, eds., Body and Face in Chinese Visual Culture(Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 2005)、“The Diachronics of Early Qing Visual and Material Culture.” In Lynn Struve, ed., The Qing Formation in World-historical Time (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 2004)、“Review of Ten Thousand Things: Module and Mass Production in Chinese Art (Lothar Ledderose),” Art Bulletin 86.2 (June 2004)、“Sanyu’s Animals.” In Sanyu: L’criture du corps / Language of the body(Paris: Mus?e Guimet, 2004)等。近期計畫出版 Sensuous Surfaces: Decoration and Pleasure in China, 1600–1800 一書(Reaktion Books, London)。

    1. 獨家中文版權巨作《石濤》 @ 石頭出版社:: 痞客邦PIXNET ::

      石濤-清初中國的繪畫與現代性》[精裝/平 裝] 此書為美國紐約大學美術史講座教授喬 ...作者同時以現代性架構石濤的生平與藝術,並以自 主性、自我意識與懷疑界定石濤...
      rocks.pixnet.net/blog/post/18538465 - 頁 庫存檔
    2. 石 濤——清初中國的繪畫與現代性(豆瓣)

      图书石濤——清初中國的繪畫與現 代性介绍、书评、论坛及推荐. ...作者同時以現代性架構石濤的生平與藝術,並以自主 性、自我意識與懷疑界定石濤繪畫的主體性。 ...

    George Orwell : Animal Farm (1945)...


    網路上可讀到此書:http://gutenberg.net.au/ebooks01/0100011h.html



    70 years ago today, George Orwell first published ‘Animal Farm’
    Here is an excerpt from a letter from Orwell to Dwight Macdonald soon after:



    Of course I intended it primarily as a satire on the Russian revolution. But I did mean it to have a wider application in so much that I meant that...
    NYBOOKS.COM




    Of course I intended it primarily as a satire on the Russian revolution. But I did mean it to have a wider application in so much that I meant that that kind of revolution (violent conspiratorial revolution, led by unconsciously power-hungry people) can only lead to a change of masters. I meant the moral to be that revolutions only effect a radical improvement when the masses are alert and know how to chuck out their leaders as soon as the latter have done their job. The turning-point of the story was supposed to be when the pigs kept the milk and apples for themselves (Kronstadt). If the other animals had had the sense to put their foot down then, it would have been all right. If people think I am defending the status quo, that is, I think, because they have grown pessimistic and assume that there is no alternative except dictatorship or laissez-faire capitalism.




    For George Orwell’s birthday, here’s a timeline of his classic novel “Animal Farm.”


    Cover of Snowball’s Chance, 2002. Cover of Why Orwell Matters, 2002. Timeline to this Timeline September 9, 2001, I’m walking down Lafayette Street with my wife. We’re close to my apartment, with the Tribeca sky,...
    THEPARISREVIEW.ORG|由 JOHN REED 上傳




    It is now 65 years since George Orwell died, and he has never been bigger. His phrases are on our lips, his ideas are in our heads, his warnings have come true. How did this happen?




    http://gutenberg.net.au/ebooks01/0100011h.html



    我生平第一本英文小說,是George Orwell Animal Farm (1945)。那時 (1968),似乎有梁實秋先生的《百獸圖》譯本,不過,由於省立台中圖書館有原文書,我就"不知不覺"讀完它。當時,我不會在意各翻譯本之比較,而是「得魚忘筌」。.
    幾十年之後,我的朋友Peter去讀學士後法律課程,課程中,老師要大家討論書中的聰明豬與百獸的約定,算的上農場的「憲法」嗎?.
    2011年讀George Orwell 書信,他希望將Animal Farm此處改一下,為眾牲都大驚失色,惟拿破侖處之泰然…….”…..因為史達林 (J.S.) 當時並沒離開莫斯科…….
    2014.9.24 
    今日是香港學生舉行為期一周的罷課活動的第二天,學生們坐在香港政府附近的區域聆聽有關民主和公民社會的演講。
    在香港嶺南大學教授歷史的David Lloyd Smith做了有關喬治•奧威爾(George Orwell)的演講并將香港的民主發展比作朝鮮,朝鮮有正式的普選,但只有經過政府審查的人才能參選。
    現年21歲、就讀香港科技大學(Hong Kong University of Science and Technology)商業專業的學生Christine Tong說,有關喬治•奧威爾的演講引起了她的共鳴。她說,香港政府就好比《動物莊園》(Animal Farm)裡的豬,利用自己的權力來壓制其他動物,違背自己的原則。
    另一場關於莫罕達斯•甘地(Mohandas Gandhi)和公民抗命的演講也吸引了學生以及其他一些佩戴黃絲帶、支持“佔中”運動的人。
    2015.11.23
    魏揚
    最近,許多事情不斷讓我想起《動物農莊》的一個經典段落。
    「最後,拿破崙總結道『先生們,我將給你們以同樣的祝辭,但要以不同的形式。請滿上這一杯,先生們,這就是我的祝辭:為梅納農莊的繁榮昌盛乾杯!』
    一陣同樣熱烈而真誠的喝彩聲轟然響起,酒也一飲而盡。但當外面的動物們目不轉睛地看著這一情景時,他們似乎看到了有一些怪事正在發生。豬的面孔上似乎有了些變化。三葉那一雙昏花的眼睛掃過了一個接一個面孔:他們有的有五個下巴,有的有四個,有的有三個,但是有什麼東西似乎正在融化消失。接著,熱烈的掌聲結束了,他們又拿起撲克牌,繼續剛才中斷的遊戲。外面的動物們這才悄悄地離開了。
    但他們還沒有走出二十碼,又突然停住了。莊主院子裡傳出了一陣吵鬧聲。他們跑回去,又一次透過窗子往裡面看。是的,裡面正在大吵大鬧:既有大喊大叫的,也有捶打桌子的;一邊是疑神疑鬼的銳利的目光,另一邊卻在咆哮著矢口否認著什麼。原因好像是因為拿破崙和皮爾丁頓先生同時打出了一張黑桃A。
    十二個嗓門一齊在憤怒地狂叫著,他們竟是如此的相似!而今,不必再問豬的面孔上到底發生了什麼變化。外面的眼睛從豬看到人,又從人看到豬,再從豬看回到人:但他們已分不出究竟誰是豬,誰是人了。」





    Animal Farm was the first animated film made by the British film industry in 1954. But what nobody realised at the time, least of all the producers, was that the film was financed by the CIA as part of the Cold War effort...
    Listen to The Film Programme: http://bbc.in/1wOW7MU
    George Orwell
    1945
    When Animal Farm was published in 1945, its British author George Orwell (a pseudonym for Eric Arthur Blair) had already waited a year and a half to see his manuscript in print. Because the book criticized the Soviet Union, one of England's allies in World War II, publication was delayed until the war ended. It was an immediate success as the first edition sold out in a month, nine foreign editions had appeared by the next year, and the American Book-of-the-Month Club edition sold more than a half-million copies. Although Orwell was an experienced columnist and essayist as well as the author of nine published books, nothing could have prepared him for the success of this short novel, so brief he had considered self-publishing it as a pamphlet. The novel brought together important themes — politics, truth, and class conflict — that had concerned Orwell for much of his life. Using allegory — the weapon used by political satirists of the past, including Voltaire and Swift — Orwell made his political statement in a twentieth-century fable that could be read as an entertaining story about animals or, on a deeper level, a savage attack on the misuse of political power. While Orwell wrote Animal Farm as a pointed criticism of Stalinist Russia, reviews of the book on the fiftieth-anniversary of its publication declared its message to be still relevant. In a play on the famous line from the book, "Some animals are more equal than others," an Economist reviewer wrote, "Some classics are more equal than others," and as proof he noted that Animal Farm has never been out of
    print since it was first published and continues to sell well year after year.

    George Orwell’s Animal FarmIllustrated by Ralph Steadman

    by 
    “I do not wish to comment on the work; if it does not speak for itself, it is a failure.”
    Image may be NSFW.
    Clik here to view.
    In 1995, more than twenty years after hisirreverent illustrations for Alice in Wonderland, the beloved British cartoonistRalph Steadman put his singular twist on a very different kind of literary beast, one of the most controversial books ever published. To commemorate the 50th anniversary of the first American publication of George Orwell’s masterpiece, which by that point had sold millions of copies around the world in more than seventy languages, Steadman illustrated a special edition titled Animal Farm: A Fairy Story (public library), featuring 100 of his unmistakable full-color and halftone illustrations.
    Accompanying Steadman’s illustrations is Orwell’s proposed but unpublished preface to the original edition, titled “The Freedom of the Press” — a critique of how the media’s fear of public opinion ends up drowning out the central responsibility of journalism. Though aimed at European publishers’ self-censorship regarding Animal Farm at the time, Orwell’s words ring with astounding prescience and timeliness in our present era of people-pleasing “content” that passes for journalism:
    The chief danger to freedom of thought and speech at this moment is not the direct interference of … any official body. If publishers and editors exert themselves to keep certain topics out of print, it is not because they are frightened of prosecution but because they are frightened of public opinion. In this country intellectual cowardice is the worst enemy a writer or journalist has to face.
    Image may be NSFW.
    Clik here to view.

    Portrait of George Orwell by Ralph Steadman
    Alas, this exquisite edition is no longer in print, but I was able to track down a surviving copy and offer a taste of Steadman’s genius for our shared delight.
    Also included is Orwell’s preface to the 1947 Ukrainian edition, equally timely today for obvious geopolitical reasons. In it, he writes:
    I understood, more clearly than ever, the negative influence of the Soviet myth upon the western Socialist movement.
    And here I must pause to describe my attitude to the Soviet régime.
    I have never visited Russia and my knowledge of it consists only of what can be learned by reading books and newspapers. Even if I had the power, I would not wish to interfere in Soviet domestic affairs: I would not condemn Stalin and his associates merely for their barbaric and undemocratic methods. It is quite possible that, even with the best intentions, they could not have acted otherwise under the conditions prevailing there.
    But on the other hand it was of the utmost importance to me that people in Western Europe should see the Soviet régime for what it really was…
    I have been convinced that the destruction of the Soviet myth was essential if we wanted a revival of the Socialist movement.
    Orwell concludes with a note on his often misconstrued intent with the book’s ultimate message:
    I do not wish to comment on the work; if it does not speak for itself, it is a failure. But I should like to emphasize two points: first, that although the various episodes are taken from the actual history of the Russian Revolution, they are dealt with schematically and their chronological order is changed; this was necessary for the symmetry of the story. The second point has been missed by most critics, possibly because I did not emphasize it sufficiently. A number of readers may finish the book with the impression that it ends in the complete reconciliation of the pigs and the humans. That was not my intention; on the contrary I meant it to end on a loud note of discord, for I wrote it immediately after the Teheran Conference which everybody thought had established the best possible relations between the USSR and the West. I personally did not believe that such good relations would last long; and, as events have shown, I wasn’t far wrong.
    Steadman’s Animal Farm: A Fairy Story is spectacular in its entirety, should you be so fortunate to snag a used copy. Complement it with his illustrated edition of Alice in Wonderland and his inkblot dog drawings, then be sure to take a closer look at Orwell’s “The Freedom of the Press.”
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