(Fichte)今通譯“費希特”,社科院哲學所梁志學先生譯有《費希特選集》(已出至第五卷) ...
論學者的使命 The calling of scholars/ 費希特著; 梁志學, 沈眞譯. 2009
"......精誠團結 共有共榮學者共同體
孤立的`個人一無所能 也一無所是 但整體能浸潤的力量和他固有的本質
他自己又能按照整體不斷培養自己......"
關於學者使命的演講 (1811)《費希特選集》(第五卷) 北京:商務 pp.539-68
Fichte, Johann Gottlieb (yō'hän gôt'lēp fĭkh'tə), 1762-1814, German philosopher. After studying theology at Jena and working as a tutor in Zürich and Leipzig, he became interested in Kantian philosophy. He received public recognition for his Versuch einer Kritik aller Offenbarung [critique of all revelation] (1792), which was at first attributed to Kant himself, who highly commended the work. As professor of philosophy at Jena (1793-99), Fichte produced a number of works, including the Wissenschaftslehre [science of knowledge] (1794). Charges of atheism forced him to leave Jena for Berlin where he restated his views in Die Bestimmung des Menschen (1800, tr. The Vocation of Man, rev. ed. 1956). His Reden an die deutsche Nation (1808, tr., Addresses to the German People, 1923) established him as a leader of liberal nationalism. After several brief professorships, he served (1810-12) as rector of the new Univ. of Berlin. Fichte's dialectic idealism attempted unification of the theoretical and practical aspects of cognition that had been set apart by Kant. He did this by rejecting the noumenal realm of Kant and by making the active indivisible ego the source of the structure of experience. From there his dialectical logic led to the postulation of a moral will of the universe, a God or absolute ego from which all eventually derives and which therefore unites all knowing. Fichte's philosophy had considerable influence in his day, but later he was remembered more as a patriot and liberal. Although he was in political disrepute in his own day and after the reaction of 1815, he became a hero not only to the revolutionaries of 1848 but also to the conservatives of 1871. His political theory had socialistic aspects that influenced Ferdinand Lassalle. His son, Immanuel Hermann von Fichte, 1797-1879, edited Fichte's works, wrote a biography of him, and also did original philosophical work.
Bibliography
See biography by H. E. Engelbrecht (1933, repr. 1968).
論學者的使命 The calling of scholars/ 費希特著; 梁志學, 沈眞譯. 2009
"......精誠團結 共有共榮學者共同體
孤立的`個人一無所能 也一無所是 但整體能浸潤的力量和他固有的本質
他自己又能按照整體不斷培養自己......"
關於學者使命的演講 (1811)《費希特選集》(第五卷) 北京:商務 pp.539-68
Fichte, Johann Gottlieb (yō'hän gôt'lēp fĭkh'tə), 1762-1814, German philosopher. After studying theology at Jena and working as a tutor in Zürich and Leipzig, he became interested in Kantian philosophy. He received public recognition for his Versuch einer Kritik aller Offenbarung [critique of all revelation] (1792), which was at first attributed to Kant himself, who highly commended the work. As professor of philosophy at Jena (1793-99), Fichte produced a number of works, including the Wissenschaftslehre [science of knowledge] (1794). Charges of atheism forced him to leave Jena for Berlin where he restated his views in Die Bestimmung des Menschen (1800, tr. The Vocation of Man, rev. ed. 1956). His Reden an die deutsche Nation (1808, tr., Addresses to the German People, 1923) established him as a leader of liberal nationalism. After several brief professorships, he served (1810-12) as rector of the new Univ. of Berlin. Fichte's dialectic idealism attempted unification of the theoretical and practical aspects of cognition that had been set apart by Kant. He did this by rejecting the noumenal realm of Kant and by making the active indivisible ego the source of the structure of experience. From there his dialectical logic led to the postulation of a moral will of the universe, a God or absolute ego from which all eventually derives and which therefore unites all knowing. Fichte's philosophy had considerable influence in his day, but later he was remembered more as a patriot and liberal. Although he was in political disrepute in his own day and after the reaction of 1815, he became a hero not only to the revolutionaries of 1848 but also to the conservatives of 1871. His political theory had socialistic aspects that influenced Ferdinand Lassalle. His son, Immanuel Hermann von Fichte, 1797-1879, edited Fichte's works, wrote a biography of him, and also did original philosophical work.
Bibliography
See biography by H. E. Engelbrecht (1933, repr. 1968).
歷史感與偉大
說明:這是我當年在【中副】上,投稿歷史思想評論的成功之作。刊出後,獲得不少好評。會寫此文,主要是讀德國哲學家費希特的【對德意志民眾演講】一書後,內心所澎拜激昂的情緒久久不能自已,因此一氣呵成寫成全文,並立即付郵寄出。而【中副】也很快就刊載出來,令我十分快慰!
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就人類活動的選擇取向與生命價值的思路來說,第一層次,首先是對於本身正處於時間之流中的歷史感自覺;亦即,人必須先有此自覺,然後才跟著萌生存在意識和對環境關注的社會性外在情感,才有後續的生存遷移和對相關倫理意義的思索和追尋。
所以,我們可以說,人生若缺乏了歷史感,即毫無趣味可言。例如,像莊子那樣達觀放逸的人,一樣有歷史感,否則他大可不必寫《莊子》一書那麼玄妙美麗的哲理文章。
釋迦牟尼亦是大徹大悟的人,他的歷史感一樣強烈否則他儘可忘情於人間世這個悲苦的世界,但他卻在有了高深的見解後,立即招來一些門徒聽他講道。
那麼「歷史感」到底是什麼東西?從「歷史學」的觀點來看,或許有他特定的定義,不過,這裡並非「歷史學」的研究,所以不採取它的定義。
我們可稱之為:「歷史感」就是「對永恆生命的一種體認」,「對偉大嚮往」或「一種資格和地位的取得。」
首先,我們要瞭解,生命的一切意義,都是從「自我」的是是產生的;當「自我」消失時,生命的一切,對我們就不發生任何意義,也談不上什麼價值。而「自我」消失的最顯著特徵,就是肉體會死亡,一死萬事皆空。於是,人類透過各種方法,例如蘇格拉底臨死前,仍和門徒辯論靈魂不朽的問題,古埃及盛行死後仍能復活的傳說等,想把自己壽命延長;再不然,退而求其次,精神能保留下來也好。「偉大」的深刻意義,就因此而誕生了。
「偉大」一詞,可稱之為「永恆生命的替身」,因為它能超越時空的阻礙和淘汰,以後代人類的心靈為園地,一代一代的在記憶中傳衍下來。
「偉大」的奧祕無他,生命力最堅韌,競爭力最強勁而已。當同時代的人在人類薄弱的記憶中逐漸模糊時,他依然存在!
《柏拉圖對話錄》、《論語》、《老子》、《可蘭經》、《新約》……都是人類追求不朽的偉大的精神實錄。「偉大」代表了「歷史感」的最高峰。……
《柏拉圖對話錄》、《論語》、《老子》、《可蘭經》、《新約》……都是人類追求不朽的偉大的精神實錄。「偉大」代表了「歷史感」的最高峰。……
但是,「偉大」也可稱之為「一種資格和地位的取得」。舉例來說,中國歷史上有無數的帝王,帝王雖代表了人類權力的最高峰,卻非最偉大的「歷史性人物」。
孔子不是帝王,但他比任何帝王都偉大,他的偉大是由於承襲了周朝文化的傳統嗎?是由於「有教無類」嗎?顯然不只是如此,在博學方面,荀子勝過他;就弟子的成就而言,荀子也比他強。但是,論語中有關「仁」的觀念,卻是孔子獨一無二的偉大創造。
「仁」的觀念影響了中國人兩千多年的倫理道德思想,這實在是了不起的成就。原創性的思想最珍貴,而他是最初的一粒火種,不論以後火勢有多麼旺,也不能掩蓋他首先在黑暗中發射出來的光芒。
在西洋文化話方面,基督教影響最大,而耶穌則是其中的關鍵人物。表面上看來,保羅和彼得要比耶穌偉大得多,如果非他們兩個人的傳教天才,如非他們來到羅馬,則耶穌的福音,可能祇是在中東地區傳播罷了,甚至可能早已湮滅。
然而,保羅和彼得仍祇是陪襯得人物,因為耶穌才是「新約」福音書得精神泉源。缺少了「登山寶訓」得偉大倫理精義,則基督教將不成為基督教,所以耶穌的地位也是獨一無二的。
釋迦牟尼的情況也一樣,不談迦葉和阿難兩大門徒的成就,就是偉大如龍樹、提婆、無著、世親等幾個大乘佛學經典的詮釋者,無論他們對佛學有多大的貢獻,永遠是陪襯的人物,也都不能取代釋迦牟尼的歷史地位。
因為他們不是佛教的創始者〈當然,就他們各人成就的部份而言,也具有獨特的歷史地位。〉這也印證了他們上述所說的「一種資格和地位的取得」。
不過,孔子、耶穌、釋迦牟尼三個人,是超級巨星,所以歷史地位較容易認定。至於其他較次一等的人物,則所謂「偉大」與否,有時也很難認定。
某些時候顯得很突出的人,說不定過了不久,就從歷史舞臺上消失,不再為人所重視。
而某些默默無聞的人,也許經過若干年後,卻奇蹟似的顯赫起來,成為千百萬人崇拜的對象。
在文學、哲學和藝術的領域裡,這種例子太多了。
叔本華年輕時,一直埋怨世人對他的傑作漠不闋心,而在他的暮年,人們突然重視他了,像英雄一樣的崇拜他,從世界各地發出的熱烈回響,令他大慰平生。
但日,寫《紅與黑》的司當達爾、寫《白鯨記》的麥爾梅爾、和印象派畫家梵谷,則一直認為自己終生一車事無成,從未料到死後的偉大聲名。
對於生平平不得志的警術家、哲學竽家、或或社會改革家等等之類的人物而言,「死後被人所重視」這一信念,是支持他們在寂寞坎坷的生涯中,繼續堅忍奮鬥下去的精神泉源。
可是,並非所有的人,都這麼幸運,一定能在死後,重新被人發覺和重視。除非個人真有珍貴的,或獨特的精神創造,「復活」才有可能,否則大多數祇是像煙霧般的消逝。
也許他們的性靈中確曾藏有極優秀的觀念,卻由於缺乏機緣或外界的啟發,被堵塞住了,如沸騰的岩漿在胸中翻滾,卻無法迸射出來,虛度一生,無所作為,最後懷著滿腹屈鬱走進墳墓裡,與草木同朽,不復為人所記憶。
老冉冉其將至兮,
懼修名之不立。
懼修名之不立。
像屈原這樣具有偉大詩才的人,內心中也有「時不我予」的惶惑之感,所以離騷中才會出現這樣的句子。哀鸞般的替世人吟出永生難求的悲嘆!
然而,對於汲汲在世人之前先行肯定自己歷史地位的狂人,菲希特在「對德意志國民演講」中有一段話,最足震聾啟瞽,發人深省。
他說:「真正的偉大,都是自己滿足自己,不須時人為他建立銅像,加以大人物之徽號,旁人的鼓掌、群眾的歡呼,凡此外來的毀譽,皆一一拒絕之,而靜待自己胸中的的裁判,或後世之蓋棺論定。真正的偉大,更有第二特點,即對神祕莫測的運命,常存敬畏之心,且安坐以待命運輪盤的告終,決不於歷史尚未清算前而以大人物自居焉。」