的確，對那些充耳不聞的人說教，徒令自己受人討厭。
──傑弗里·喬叟(Chaucer)《坎特伯里故事集˙梅里白(Melibeus)的故事》
你那無價值的講演，令我雙耳疼痛。
──傑弗里·喬叟(Chaucer)《坎特伯里故事集˙梅里白(Melibeus)的故事》開場白
「有一位法學家，是一個傑出的人物，審慎又聰明，經常參加有關法學的討論。他很賢明，能博得眾人的推崇……談吐精闢允當，當過巡迴法庭的審判官，受到皇家的委任，特准裁判所有性質不同的案件。由於他的學識和名望，領受許多酬勞和衣物。自從威廉一世以來，每一件官司的判例他都記得清清楚楚，每一條法令他都能逐字背誦。他所寫下的字據，誰也無法提出責難。他的才能極為高超，一份產業不管它附有何種條件，他總能使它取得絕對的權益，他的契據上，誰也找不出任何漏洞，再也沒有比他更忙碌的人了。」------喬叟·《坎特伯利故事集》
*****
solace, solas, duet, wretchedness
從影響研究到中國文學(論文集):施友忠教授九十壽慶論文集(1992)作者：陳鵬翔,張靜二,施友忠
從影響研究到中國文學(論文集): - Google 圖書結果
solas 翻譯成 "娛樂的實質氣氛"?
solas
n.Solace. [Obs.] Chaucer.
solace
(sŏl'ĭs)
n.
- Comfort in sorrow, misfortune, or distress; consolation.
- A source of comfort or consolation.
- To comfort, cheer, or console, as in trouble or sorrow. See synonyms at comfort.
- To allay or assuage: "They solaced their wretchedness, however, by duets after supper" (Jane Austen).
Pride and prejudice - Google 圖書結果
Jane Austen - 1954 - Fiction - 160 頁Bingley was quite uncomfortable; his sisters declared that they were miserable. They solaced their wretchedness, however, by duets after supper ...
[Middle English solas, from Old French, from Latin sōlācium, from sōlārī, to console.]
solacer sol'ac·er n.((形式))[名]
1 [U]（悲しみ・不運などに対する）慰め((for ...))
find ［take (one's)］ solace in reading
読書に慰めを見いだす.
読書に慰めを見いだす.
2 ((a 〜))（人にとって）慰めとなるもの((to ...)).
━━[動](他)…を（…で）慰める, 〈悲しみ・苦痛を〉和らげる((with ...))
━━(自)慰めを得る, 慰めとなる.solace one's grief with drink
酒で悲しみを紛らす.
酒で悲しみを紛らす.
wretchedness
n.
1. The quality or state of being wretched; utter misery. Sir W. Raleigh.
2. A wretched object; anything despicably. [Obs.]
Eat worms and such wretchedness.Chaucer.
7. Title Page: Troilus and Criseyde
Medium: Wood Engraving
Date of Work: 1929
Edition Size:
400
Dimensions
(inches HxW)
7.21" x 4.48"
From Eric Gills Book of Engravings, published by Douglas Cleverdon, 1929.
Price: £150
Price inclusive of frame, VAT & UK shipping
杰弗里‧喬叟《特洛勒斯與克麗西德》（Troilus and Cressida）吳芬譯，北京：中國對外翻譯出版公司，1999。其中的「譯者序」：「……方重先生於50年代將喬叟的絕大多數作品以散文體翻成中文……」（p. XII）。
「時代錯置」（anachronism）這主題相當有趣，可參考錢鍾書《管錐篇（四）》有精彩事例說明（台北：書林版，pp. 1299-1305）
在文學術語上有人給詩人想像力更大的空間，可以有某種時空上的自由應用，稱為「詩的破格」（poetic license）。譬如說，杰弗里‧喬叟在特洛勒斯與克麗西德的「年代誤植」，可以被諒解。此行中的『上帝』即是年代誤植的一例，基督教的出現比特洛亞戰爭晚了一千餘年。（（吳芬譯，北京：中國對外翻譯出版公司，1999，p. 47））」【順便記下一位翻譯者：「……方重先生於50年代將喬叟的絕大多數作品以散文體翻成中文……」（「譯者序」。p. XII）】
Troilus and Criseyde (Tr)及其他
Book 1 (Tr1)
Book 2 (Tr2)
Book 3 (Tr3)
Book 4 (Tr4)
Book 5 (Tr5)
最末處作者還抱怨抄書人的錯誤給他帶來許多麻煩......
Novel applications of the techniques of evolutionary biology
In the days before printing, manuscripts were copied by scribes, who introduced changes - either deliberately or accidentally. For a long time, scholars have used the distribution of variations among different extant versions of a text to determine which were copied from the same earlier version and produce a stemma (plural: stemmata), a tree showing these relationships. This is known as stemmatic analysis, and was pioneered by the German scholar Karl Lachmann in the 19th century.
The scribe Jean Mielot (from 'Scribes and Illuminators', C. de Hamel, British Museum Press).