著作權 Public Domain 公版：作家；藝術家.....

在「文革」第一年（1966年）被迫害致死的多名中國作家、學者等已離世滿50年。根據相關法律，自2017年1月1日起，他們的作品已進入公共版權領域，即作者版權有效期已經結束，預計今年各出版社將會出版大量他們的著作。

這些作家、學者均受到「文革」的波及，許多人遭遇過批鬥、毆打、抄家、凌辱等對待，一些作品也隨之遺失，成為文化上的遺憾。在1966年，他們中的有些人含恨自殺，有些人則在傷病中含冤去世。

這些作家、學者包括（但不限於）：

老舍，著名小說家、文學家、戲劇家，著有劇本《茶館》、《龍鬚溝》等，長篇小說《駱駝祥子》、《四世同堂》等，於1966年8月24日在北京投太平湖自盡。

傅雷，著名翻譯家，翻譯了巴爾扎克、伏爾泰、羅曼·羅蘭等文化名家的多部代表作品，包括《歐也妮·葛朗台（Eugénie Grandet）》、《約翰·克里斯朵夫（Jean-Christophe）》等。他於1966年9月3日服毒自殺，他的妻子朱梅馥當日亦隨之自縊身亡。

鄧拓，人民日報總編輯、作家，著有《中國救荒史》及史論雜文等，於1966年5月17日服毒自殺。

汪籛，北京大學歷史系教授，著有《汪籛隋唐史論稿》等，於1966年6月11日服毒自殺。

李平心，歷史學家，著有《現代社會學理論大綱》、《中國近代史》等，於1966年6月15日自殺。

葉以群，文藝理論家，著有《文藝創作概論》、《文學問題漫談》等，於1966年8月2日跳樓自殺。

陳笑雨，文藝評論家，著有《思想雜談》、《說東道西集》等，於1966年8月24日於北京投永定河（一說龍潭湖）自盡。

陳夢家，考古學家、詩人，著有《殷虛卜辭綜述》、《老子今釋》、《夢家詩集》等，曾於1966年8月24日服安眠藥自殺未果，後於同年9月3日自縊身亡（有懷疑其是被打死後偽裝成自殺）。

劉盼遂，語言學家、古典文學文獻專家、北師大中文系教授，著有《文字音韻學論叢》、《論衡集解》、《顏氏家訓校箋》等，1966年8月與妻子被批鬥致死。

烏·白辛，赫哲族戲劇家，著有劇本《冰山上的來客》、《赫哲人的婚禮》等，1966年9月22日被發現在哈爾濱松花江邊服毒身亡。

劉永濟，古典文學專家，著有《文學論》、《十四朝文學要略》、《文心雕龍校釋》等，因「反動詩詞」案被批鬥，於1966年10月2日含冤病逝。其妻隨後亦自縊身亡。

趙少咸，中國音韻文字學家，著有《〈廣韻〉疏證》（28冊，300萬字，存殘稿8冊）、《〈經典釋文〉集說附箋》（30多卷，300萬字，存殘稿9卷）、《新校〈廣韻〉》《古今切語表》《〈說文〉集註》（14卷，存抄本）、《〈廣韻〉諧聲表》（山東大學油印本）等專著，均未正式出版。他在「文革」中被打為「反革命」，家中書籍被抄走，其本人於1966年12月21日病逝。

黃文弼，考古學家、西北史地學家，著有《高昌陶集》、《吐魯番考古記》、《西北史地論叢》等，在文革期間被抄家、批鬥，於1966年12月18日病逝。

向達，北大歷史學教授、圖書館館長，著有《唐代長安與西域文明》、《史料目錄學引論》等，在文革期間被折磨凌辱，於1966年11月24日離世。

孔厥，作家，著有長篇小說《新兒女英雄傳》（與袁靜合作）、短篇小說集《受苦人》等，於1966年投水自盡。

中國自1992年成為《保護文學和藝術作品伯爾尼公約》的締約國。遵照公約規定，文藝作品的版權在著作權保護期終止後將進入公共版權範疇。使用公共版權的作品無需徵得作者同意或支付版權費用。各國對於著作權的保護期亦有不同規定，例如中國規定為作者逝世後50年，美國則規定為作者逝世後70年。

中國文字著作權協會總幹事張洪波在接受北京青年報採訪時進一步解釋道，著作權分為財產權（又稱經濟權利，具體包括複製權、發行權、出租權、展覽權、表演權、放映權、廣播權、信息網絡傳播權、攝制權、改編權、翻譯權、匯編權等14項）和人身權（又稱為精神權利，包括發表權、署名權、修改權、保護作品完整權）兩大部分。公約規定進入公共版權範疇的僅為財產權和人身權中的發表權，若將作者名字署在不相干的書上，或對作品歪曲、竄改後仍以原作者名義發表或出版，則仍屬侵權行為。

除了中國作家，英國偵探小說作家瑪格麗·艾林翰（Margery Allingham）、日本禪學思想家鈴木大拙（D.T.Suzuki）、蘇聯女詩人阿赫瑪托娃（Akhmatova）等的作品也於2017年進入公版領域。

Happy Public Domain Day! As we do each year on Hyperallergic, we’re taking a look at the visual artists whose work entered the public domain on January 1.

Well, not in the United States, since, thanks to the Copyright Term Extension Act, no published work will move into the public domain here until 2019 (at which time there may be another extension). Duke Law School’s Center for the Study of the Public Domain notes that “[in] addition to lengthening the term, Congress also changed the law so that every creative work is automatically copyrighted, even if the author does nothing.”

You can check the map above to see the copyright lengths for each country. Much of the world has copyright ending either 50 years after a creator’s death or 70, which means cultural contributions from people who died in 1946 or 1966 are entering the public domain.

The Public Domain Review has once again rounded up some of these cultural figures in its class of 2017, including science fiction author H. G. Wells, landscape artist Paul Nash, Surrealist author André Breton, Bauhaus artist László Moholy-Nagy, modernist writer Gertrude Stein, Zen proponent D. T. Suzuki, photographer Alfred Stieglitz, and writer Evelyn Waugh.

Below is a selection of 12 artists — some featured in the review’s class, others not — whose work is entering the public domain, from a World War I illustrator to an influential figure in Abstract Expressionism. All of them reflect the diverse visual movements of the early 20th century.

Alfred Stieglitz was an influential early proponent of photography as a fine art, including through his galleries, where he exhibited the medium alongside other modern art. While much of his outdoor photography grapples with the chaos of nature (urban scenes are often overlaid with rain and snow), he also made intimate platinum prints in the studio, such as portraits of his wife, painter Georgia O’Keeffe.

László Moholy-Nagy was the focus of a major exhibition last year at the Guggenheim Museum in Manhattan. The retrospective emphasized the continuous experimentation of the former Bauhaus teacher, whose life was cut short in 1946, at the age of 51, by leukemia. His constructivist paintings feature intersecting geometric bodies, he melted Plexiglas sculptures into strange shapes in his oven, and he created striking advertising, such as a 1936 design for Imperial Airways.

The Swiss sculptor and painter Alberto Giacometti is best known for his striding figures, their lithe bodies influenced by both ancient art and modernist forms. He also had the rare honor of having his art described by philosopher Jean-Paul Sartre: “Giacometti knows that space is a cancer on being, and eats everything; to sculpt, for him, is to take the fat off space, he compresses space, so as to drain off its exteriority.”

Although Bob Thompson was in his late 20s when he died of a drug overdose in Rome in 1966, he left behind hundreds of vivid artworks. The African American artist combined the influence of both Old Masters and Abstract Expressionists in his paintings, including those currently on view in the exhibition Beat Generation the ZKM | Center for Art and Media in Karlsruhe, Germany.

Paul Nash, who’s currently featured in a retrospective at Tate Britain, died of heart failure in 1946 at the age of 57. During his life, he used the styles of Surrealism and Modernism to add tension to military scenes of both world wars. For instance, in one painting of World War I, during which he served in the British army as both an officer and an official war artist, dead trees contort above a trench populated with somber, angular soldiers.

The Italian-born Joseph Stella was enamored with the urban movement of the newly industrialized New York City, such as the frenetic action of Coney Island, his paintings of which were on view in an exhibition last year at the Brooklyn Museum. Whether the Brooklyn Bridge or the lights of amusement parks, everything in his work seemed to be viewed through a kaleidoscope.

Born in 1867 in South Africa, Florence Fuller moved as a child to Melbourne, Australia, where she studied art. She was successful enough that, by the age of 20, she was able to leave behind her job as a governess for the studio. She became popular for her portraiture and landscapes, as well as portrayals of poverty in Australia.

Born in Germany, Hans Hofmann immigrated in 1932 to the United States, where his distinct Abstract Expressionist style had a major impact, not just because of its vibrant colors and Cubist structures but also through his work as a teacher. He started his first school in 1933 in New York, and it developed into the Hans Hofmann School of Fine Arts.

While the name of Adolph de Meyer may not be prominent today, he was a prolific photographer in the early 20th century, taking portraits of everyone from King George V to dancer Ruth St. Denis. Many details of his life are difficult to pin down, such as how he came by the title “Baron” or the details of the seeming marriage of convenience by de Meyer, who was gay, to Donna Maria Beatrice Olga Alberta Caracciolo. He was hired as Vogue’s first official fashion photographer in 1914, dying in 1946 in Los Angeles.

The self-taught artist Horace Pippin used his paintings to respond to black life in the United States, including his own experiences with segregation as an African American from Pennsylvania. Also important were his drawings from his service in World War I with the famed Harlem Hellfighters. Although his right arm was critically wounded in the process, he chronicled their barrier-breaking work.

Gino Severini was distinct among the Italian Futurists for being more interested in the dynamic movement of dancers than new industrial machines. The fashionable monocle-wearer painted the frenzied action of Parisian dance halls, where he mingled with the artistic avant-garde, and later brought his fluid geometry to frescoes and mosaics around Europe.

Jean Arp, who also went by Hans Arp, was a founding member of the Dada movement, although he later exhibited with the Surrealists in 1920s Paris. His work moved fluidly through media and styles, from wood reliefs of abstract shapes to ripped-up paper and monumental sculptures.