Whatever Happened to the Enlightenment? Peter Gay《啟蒙時代》Age of Enlightenment

第2章：理性的宗教

第3章：尋找理想的社會

第4章：感傷的時尚
第5章：人的科學
第6章：音樂家們
第7章：德國的啟蒙運動
第8章：一個嶄新的時代



*讓我們借用阿諾德湯恩比著名的攀岩者形像來說，在啟蒙運動時代，西方文明的確開始不牢靠地向上摸索一個新的立足點，而今天它仍在那裡。

--- Peter Gay《啟蒙時代》前言 (克蘭 布林頓)，1966，
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The Enlightenment: The Rise of Modern Paganism (Vol. 1) (Enlightenment an Interpretation) (v. 1) Paperback – July 17, 1995

In the twentieth century, however, the Enlightenment has often been judged harshly for its apparently simplistic optimism. Now a master historian goes back to the sources to give a fully rounded account of its true accomplishments.


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Arnold J. Toynbee Writing Styles in A Study of History
Style
Simile and Analogy


Toynbee frequently makes use of similes and analogies in which two apparently dissimilar things are compared. The purpose of these similes is to enable the reader to visualize the concept that is being presented and make it easier to grasp. One extended simile recurs at several points in the book, and that is Toynbee's comparison of civilizations to humans climbing a mountain. Primitive civilizations are like people lying asleep on a ledge with a precipice below and a precipice above. No further progress is possible for them. Arrested civilizations are like climbers who have reached a certain height but now find themselves blocked; they can go neither forward nor backward. Civilizations that are ready to grow, however, are like climbers who have just risen to their feet and are beginning to climb the face of the cliff. They cannot stop until they either fall back...

湯恩比 (Arnold Toynbee 1889-1975)




讓我們借用阿諾德湯恩比著名的攀岩者形像來說，在啟蒙運動時代，西方文明的確開始不牢靠地向上摸索一個新的立足點，而今天它仍在那裡。

--- Peter Gay《啟蒙時代》前言 (克蘭 布林頓)，1966，

[Arnold J. Toynbee, G. R. Urban著]
王少如,沈晓红譯
湯恩比 (Toynbee, Arnold Joseph, 1889-1975)
row for fieldtag=p 1989

的末篇讀它引哥德此句
然後她說他的一生的"隱喻"